Addled Parliament, England

590.

Adela, sister of Henry I of England

444, 444.

Adelaide, Australia

1489, 1489, 1494, 1494, 1494.

Adelard of Bath, scholar

444.

Adelheid, widow

465.

Adelheid, wife of Otto I

416, 417.

Aden

794, 1327, 1359, 1360, 1363, 2408, 2413, 2413, 2413, 2415, 2443, 3441, 3891, 3891, 3891, 3891, 3892, 3892, 3895; University of, 3894.

Aden-Abyan Islamic Army

3895.

Adena culture

53.

Aden Association

3891.

Adenauer, Konrad, German leader

2709, 2710, 2711, 2854, 2982, 2987, 2991, 2992, 2992, 2992, 2994, 2998, 2998, 2999, 2999, 2999, 3003.

Aden Trades Union Congress

3891.

Adhemar of Puy, papal legate

505.

Adhruh

288.

Shishakli, Adib al-, Syrian leader

3839, 3839.

Adige

1946.

Aditya Dibabha, Siamese prince

2452.

Aditya I, ruler of India

328, 328.

Adivar, Halide Edip, writer

3794.

Adler, Alfred, psychoanalyst

1144.

Adlersparre, Georg

765.

Adli Yegen, Egyptian leader

2354.

Administration of Justice Act, England

944.

Admiralty Islands

2630.

Admonitions for Women

156.

Admonitions of Ipuwer

91.

Adolf I of Nassau, Holy Roman emperor

540, 540.

Adolf of Holstein

456, 460.

Suarez, Adolfo

2896.

Adolphus Frederick of Oldenburg-Holstein-Gottorp, king of Sweden

761, 763.

Adonijah

104.

Adorno, Genoese family

612.

Adrian I, pope

411.

Adrian IV, pope

425, 444, 468, 468, 471.

Adrian VI, pope

607, 609.

Adrian of Utrecht

See Adrian VI, pope.

Adrianople

262, 262, 264, 310, 313, 313, 403, 403, 436, 437, 438, 440, 440, 496, 497, 501, 504, 507, 508, 509, 509, 509, 509, 567, 567, 798, 1137, 1138, 1138, 1139, 1329, 1343, 1348, 2321, 2330; treaty of, 1258, 1284, 1311, 1329.

Adriatic Sea

211, 222, 227, 229, 314, 438, 438, 472, 473, 492, 493, 498, 538, 562, 563, 607, 793, 1026, 1114, 1132, 1135, 1137, 1137, 1138, 1743, 1771, 1778, 1818, 1941, 1941, 2635.

Adua, battle of

967, 1121, 1222, 1506, 1523, 1953.

Adud al-Dawla, Buyid leader

300.

Advisory Council for Italy, WWII

1961.

Aedui people

247.

Aegae, Vergina

182.

Aegates Islands

230.

Aegean Islands

170, 174, 177, 1137, 1137, 1138, 1138, 1283.

Aegean Sea

42, 111, 168, 172, 175, 177, 179, 188, 198, 209, 209, 211, 218, 229, 257, 312, 312, 314, 314, 501, 508, 532, 538, 538, 607, 793, 1108, 1108, 1114, 1135, 1139, 1225, 1343, 1367, 1750, 1786, 1788, 2160, 2171, 2591, 2754.

Aegina

176, 178, 182, 187, 188, 192, 192, 193, 195.

Aehrenthal, Alois

1132, 1132, 1132.

Aelia Capitolina

253.

Aemilia

268.

Aemilianus, Roman emperor

257, 257.

Aeneid

239.

Aeolians

170, 175, 175, 182.

Aeolic architecture

176.

Aeolus

199.

Aequi

222, 222, 225, 225, 226.

Aeroflot

2704.

Aeschines, Athenian leader

204, 205, 207.

Aeschylus, Greek playwright

186.

Aetheling, Edgar

See Edgar I, king of England.

Aëtios, Byzantine general

433.

Aëtius, Flavius, Roman general

266, 266, 267, 267, 402, 402, 407.

Aetolia

168, 206, 209, 210, 210, 210, 211, 211, 211, 211, 214, 232, 233, 233, 233.

Aetolian League

210, 210, 211.

Afar, Ethiopia

4397.

Afars group, Djibouti

4393.

Aferki, Issaias, Eritrean leader

4394.

Afghanistan

73, 129, 300, 300, 302, 302, 334, 791, 814, 819, 819, 819, 834, 971, 1108, 1112, 1131, 1261, 1327, 1346, 1350, 1351, 1354, 1354, 1354, 1354, 1354, 1354, 1354, 1354, 1355, 1355, 1355, 1355, 1355, 1356, 1356, 1356, 1357, 1394, 1394, 1397, 1398, 2333, 2346, 2348, 2350, 2637, 2638, 2677, 2694, 3269, 3437, 3784, 3784, 3785, 3786, 3828, 3831, 3832, 3832, 3832, 3834, 3834, 3835, 3835, 3836, 3836, 3836, 3837, 3837; wars with Great Britain, 1354, 1355, 1395, 1398; WWI, 1751; family code, 2346; modernization, 2347, 2348; WWII, 2613; Russian invasion, 3768; and Middle East, 3832; and Russia, 3832, 3833, 3834, 3834, 3834, 4008; and U.S., 3834, 3834, 3834, 3835, 3836.

Afghans

332, 334, 806, 816, 816, 816, 817, 817, 819, 819, 819, 819, 819, 831, 831, 832, 834, 835.

Afghan Wars

2346.

Aflaq, Michel, Syrian leader

3838, 3843.

AFL-CIO

3400.

Afonso I Henriques, king of Portugal

480, 480, 480, 480, 480, 480.

Afonso II, king of Portugal

480.

Afonso III, king of Portugal

481.

Afonso IV, the Brave

528.

Afonso V, king of Portugal

525.

Afonso V, the African

529, 529.

Afonso VI, king of Portugal

727, 727, 727, 727, 727, 728.

Afranius, Lucius, Roman playwright

229.

Afrasiyab, governor of Basra

799.

Afrasiyab dynasty

799, 803.

Africa

2, 7, 13, 18, 18, 19, 19, 19, 19, 20, 22, 22, 22, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 29, 29, 29, 29, 29, 38, 38, 38, 42, 43, 43, 43, 43, 43, 44, 44, 45, 45, 51, 61, 66, 74, 74, 80, 81, 90, 97, 108, 110, 110, 220, 230, 232, 234, 241, 241, 245, 245, 255, 255, 257, 257, 260, 262, 266, 266, 266, 269, 276, 278, 279, 279, 280, 281, 281, 281, 281, 281, 282, 293, 296, 303, 322, 323, 333, 334, 343, 343, 344, 346, 347, 349, 349, 351, 351, 353, 358, 358, 359, 359, 359, 362, 362, 365, 366, 366, 376, 403, 403, 404, 404, 404, 408, 408, 419, 429, 429, 476, 476, 476, 476, 505, 526, 528, 529, 575, 578, 579, 579, 579, 582, 584, 584, 596, 601, 601, 666, 674, 703, 754, 758, 791, 791, 792, 795, 822, 822, 869, 869, 869, 869, 869, 869, 869, 869, 869, 869, 869, 869, 869, 870, 870, 871, 871, 873, 873, 873, 877, 877, 879, 882, 882, 883, 885, 885, 885, 886, 887, 887, 889, 890, 890, 890, 892, 895, 908, 912, 914, 914, 914, 918, 918, 918, 918, 919, 923, 932, 934, 953, 953, 953, 954, 955, 956, 956, 958, 958, 959, 961, 962, 969, 969, 1099, 1111, 1112, 1120, 1131, 1136, 1162, 1176, 1235, 1236, 1333, 1370, 1506, 1506, 1506, 1510, 1511, 1511, 1512, 1513, 1514, 1514, 1515, 1515, 1516, 1517, 1543, 1570, 1706, 1706, 1724, 1832, 1917, 2462, 2554, 2554, 2554, 2554, 2554, 2554, 2558, 2558, 2558, 2558, 2559, 2560, 2636, 2636, 2636, 2637, 2637, 2637, 2638, 2640, 2641, 2641, 2641, 2643, 2643, 2643, 2644, 2644, 2658, 2667, 2675, 2676, 2681, 2682, 2722, 2851, 2852, 2914, 2915, 2960, 3173, 3421, 3443, 3907, 4316, 4320, 4320, 4320, 4320, 4320, 4320, 4320, 4321, 4325, 4326, 4344, 4353, 4386, 4408, 4410, 4432, 4432, 4450, 4451, 4453, 4455; postclassical society, 343, 343, 343, 343, 343, 343, 343, 343, 343, 344, 344, 345, 345, 345, 348, 349, 351, 351, 351, 351, 351, 351, 351, 351, 355, 356, 362, 363, 364; historical methods, 343, 351, 351; and arrival of Europeans, 869; resistance movements, 1506, 1506; and Portugal, 1939; colonialism, 2554, 2554, 2554, 2554, 2554, 2554, 2558, 2559, 2559, 2559, 2559, 2559, 2559, 2565, 2565, 2567, 2567, 2572, 2572, 2578, 2578, 2578, 2580, 2580; WWI, 2554, 2554, 2554, 2554, 2554, 2555, 2565, 2572; economies, 2554; Great Depression, 2554, 2561, 2567, 2569, 2578; WWII, 2554, 2556, 2556, 2590, 2613, 2615, 2619; between Wars, 2555, 2636; economy 1900s–1940, 2558; post-WWII colonialism, 2700, 4320, 4320, 4320, 4320, 4320, 4320, 4320, 4320, 4321, 4321, 4321, 4321, 4324; and U.S., 3430, 4326; and China, 4153; commodities, 4320; language issue, 4320; postcolonial economy and society, 4320, 4320, 4320, 4320, 4320, 4320, 4320, 4320, 4320, 4320, 4325, 4325, 4325, 4325, 4325; environment, 4320; AIDS, 4320; and multiracialism, 4408. See East Africa; French West Africa; German East Africa; North Africa; Portuguese East Africa; Southern Africa; West Africa.

African Americans

1506, 1563, 1574, 1575, 1587, 1588, 1589, 1590, 1592, 1592, 1592, 1593, 1594, 1594, 1596, 1598, 1604, 1604, 1605, 1609, 1616, 1617, 1618, 1623, 1706, 1706, 2187, 2187, 2187, 2187, 2187, 2187, 2187, 2188, 2191, 2191, 2199, 2199, 2201, 2210, 2214, 2214, 2554, 2644, 3390, 3390, 3392, 3400, 3402, 3405, 3405, 3406, 3408, 3408, 3409, 3409, 3411, 3411, 3411, 3413, 3413, 3413, 3413, 3413, 3414, 3414, 3417, 3419, 3420, 3421, 3428, 3428, 3428, 3428, 3429, 3430, 3432, 3434, 3434, 3435, 3436. See civil rights; race.

African Association

878.

African Brazilians

3618.

African Canadians

1623, 3443, 3454.

African Company

754; Sweden, 761.

African Inland Mission

1545.

African National Congress, ANC

1559, 2578, 2578, 2686, 4320, 4462, 4466, 4466, 4470, 4471, 4473, 4473, 4477, 4477, 4477, 4480, 4480, 4481, 4481, 4481, 4482, 4482, 4483, 4486, 4486, 4487, 4488, 4489, 4490.

African National Union

2576.

Afrikaans

2578.

Afrikaner Bond

1555.

Afrikaner National Party

4470.

Afrikaners

890, 890, 1506, 1554, 1558, 1558, 1558, 1558, 1560, 1768, 2574, 2574, 2577, 2577, 2579, 2580, 2580, 4320, 4470.

Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Conference

2655.

Afro-Asian Solidarity Council

2661.

Afro-Caribbeans

2554.

Afro-Cuban folk culture

3465, 3714.

Afro-Portuguese culture and commerce

885, 888.

Afshar dynasty

817, 817, 818, 1349.

Afyun

2321.

Agade

84.

Agades, West Africa

2555.

Agadir

822, 822, 1378.

Agaja, ruler of Dahomey

876.

Aga Khan, Nizari leader

302.

Aga Khan I, Muslim leader

1397.

Aga Khan III, Ismailian leader

3961.

Aga Khan IV, prince Karim Khan

3961.

Agamemnon, king of Mycenae

172, 173.

Agapetus II, pope

416.

Agassiz, Louis, geologist

1043.

Agatharchus of Samos, Greek artist

186.

Agathias, historian

427.

Agathocles, tyrant of Syracuse

220, 220, 220, 220.

Age of Augustus

239.

Agesilaus, king of Sparta

199, 199, 200, 201.

Agga, king of Kish

84.

Agha Muhammad, shah of Iran

1349.

Agha Muhammad Khan, shah of Iran

817, 818, 818.

Aghlabid dynasty

293, 293, 293, 294, 295, 296.

Agiads, Spartan dynasty

178, 179, 187.

Agilulf, ruler of Turin

408.

Agincourt, battle of

514, 522.

Agis II, king of Sparta

197.

Agis III, king of Sparta

206.

Agis IV, king of Sparta

208, 210.

Aglipay, Gregorio, religious leader

1485, 1486.

Agnadello, battle of

607.

Agnes of Poitou, wife of emperor Henry III

454, 454.

Agnew, Spiro T., U.S. leader

3415, 3418, 3424.

Agnon, S. Y., writer

3768, 3858.

Agra

129, 830, 831, 832, 832, 833, 1397.

Agram

1779.

Agrarian Law, Russia

1264.

Agrarian Party, Austria

2006.

Agrarian Party, Bulgaria

2160, 2161, 2162, 2166, 3235, 3235.

Agrarian Party, Czechoslovakia

2017.

Agrarian Party, Hungary

2029, 2029, 2030, 2032.

Agrarian Reform Act

3510.

Agrarian Reform Bill, Latvia

2098.

Agricola, Cnaeus Julius, Roman general

251, 253, 421.

Agricola, Georgius, German minerologist

638, 643.

Agricultural Adjustment Act, U.S.

2187, 2202, 2202, 2202.

Agricultural Children's Act, England

1160.

Agricultural Crisis Act

1896.

Agricultural Marketing Act

2195.

Agricultural Revolution

579.

Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act, U.S.

3398.

agriculture

13, 34, 35, 63, 63, 64, 65, 65, 83, 91, 135, 138, 138, 140, 167, 228, 228, 235, 285, 296, 297, 299, 305, 343, 343, 349, 397, 1327, 1735, 2187, 2641, 2700; prehistoric, 35, 35, 35, 35, 35, 36, 36, 36, 36, 36, 37, 37, 37, 37, 38, 38, 38, 38, 38, 39, 39, 39, 39, 39, 39, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 41, 49, 51, 52, 53, 53, 54, 56, 345, 345; Mesopotamia, 83; ancient Egypt, 90; Syria-Palestine, 101; Phoenicia, 108; Asia Minor, 112; ancient Armenia, 117; Arabia, 126; ancient Greece, 186; the Hellenistic Age, 208; ancient Rome, 223; Roman Republic, 229; Roman Empire, 239, 245, 246, 260; Sassanians, 271; Southeast Asia, 339, 1412; Africa, 343, 343, 343, 344, 345, 345, 345, 347, 347, 348, 362, 366, 869, 869, 871, 876, 885, 886, 886, 888, 889, 890, 890, 890, 890, 893, 1506, 1506, 1506, 1506, 1511, 1513, 1514, 1516, 1528, 1529, 1532, 1538, 1548, 1550, 1551, 1552, 1559, 2554, 2558, 2558; China, 367, 370, 371, 373, 375, 1417, 4147, 4150, 4150, 4152, 4165; Korea, 380; Vietnam, 397, 4274; Europe, 400, 3000; Germanic tribes, 402; Spain, 419, 1062, 1199; Byzantium, 431; Western Europe, 443; England, 444; 1500–1800, 579, 582; New World, 584; 17th century, 584; after the Thirty Years' War, 644, 644; England in the 17th and 18th century, 687; Great Britain, 688, 1048, 1048, 1155; Ireland, 700, 700, 1168, 1168, 1169, 1170; France in the 18th century, 714, 717; Portugal in the 17th and 18th centuries, 727, 729, 730; Italy in the 17th and 18th centuries, 735; Italy, 739, 1066, 1066, 1066, 1091; Lombardy in the 18th century, 742; Switzerland in the 17th and 18th centuries, 748, 748; Holy Roman Empire, 752; Sweden in the 17th century, 761; Sweden in the 18th century, 762; Denmark in the 17th and 18th centuries, 768; Norway in the 18th century, 772, 774; Poland in the 17th and 18th centuries, 776; Middle East 1500–1800, 791; Iran in the 16th and 17th centuries, 813, 816; India 1500–1800, 830; Southeast Asia 1500–1800, 845; China 1500–1800, 851, 852; Korea 1500–1800, 855; Americas, 911, 918; North America, 924, 925, 938; 1800–1914, 961, 987, 987, 987, 987, 987, 987, 988, 988, 1034, 1081; France, 1003, 1003, 1004, 1005, 1022, 1059, 1179, 1198; Portugal, 1065; Central Europe, 1071, 1071, 1074; Germany, 1071, 1231; Scandinavia, 1075, 1076, 1247, 1247; Denmark, 1077, 1251, 1251; Russia, 1256, 1259, 1261, 1264, 3269, 3278, 3279, 3300; Poland, 1268, 3100, 3113; Serbia, 1284; Bulgaria, 1299, 1305, 1305, 1306, 3238; Romania, 1311, 1315, 1318, 1318, 3248; Middle East and North Africa, 1327, 3782; Ottoman Empire, 1334; Palestine, 1346; Iran, 1351; Egypt, 1366, 1366, 1366, 1368, 1372, 1373, 3880, 3904; Algeria, 1382, 1382, 1383; Tunisia, 1390, 1391; Libya, 1393; India, 1397, 1397, 3961, 3963, 3963, 3966, 3968, 3978; Japan, 1456, 4241; Australia, 1488, 1489, 1493; New Zealand, 1502, 1503, 1504, 2551; 19th century, 1506; U.S., 1592, 1598, 1599, 1600, 2195, 2202, 2202, 2202, 2202, 2202, 2202, 3409, 3411; Latin America, 1658, 1662, 1667, 1667, 1672, 1677, 1683, 1683, 1685; Puerto Rico, 1694; Russian collectivization, 2072, 2073; Canada, 2229, 2230; sugar, 2530; Uganda, 2567; Czechoslovakia, 3120; Albania, 3202; Mexico, 3704; Iraq, 3878, 3880, 3880; Pakistan, 4000; Laos, 4101, 4101; Somalia, 4403. See land reform.

Agriculture Act, U.S.

3398, 3401.

Agrigentum

110, 230.

Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius, Roman leader

239, 242, 243, 243.

Agrippina, wife of Germanicus

247, 247.

Agrippina the Younger, wife of Claudius

248, 248, 248.

Aguayo, marquis de, Spanish colonial administrator

904.

Aguinaldo, Emilio, Filipino leader

1481, 1481, 1481, 1482, 1482, 1483, 1484, 1484, 1610.

Aguirre, Jesús María, Mexican leader

2297.

Aguirre, José, Basque leader

1929.

Aguiya-Ironsi, Johnson, Nigerian leader

4367, 4367.

Agustín I, emperor of Mexico

1654, 1655, 1655, 1655, 1687.

Agyrokastron

2590.

Aha, king of Egypt

91.

Ahab of Israel

104, 105, 106, 109.

Ahalya Bai, ruler of Indore

835.

Ahaz, king of Judah

87, 105.

Ahaziah, king of Judah

104, 105.

Ahenobarbus, Lucius Domitius

See Nero, Roman emperor.

Ahern, Bertie, Irish leader

2814, 2815.

Ahhiyawa people

113, 172.

Ahi Ahmed Chelebi

793.

Ahidjo, Ahmadou, Cameroon leader

4332, 4332.

Ahmad, shah of Iran

1352, 1353.

Ahmad, sheik of Kuwait

2409, 3896.

Ahmad, sheik of Qatar

3898.

Ahmad I Bey, ruler of Tunisia

1387, 1387, 1387, 1387, 1387, 1387, 1387, 1390.

Ahmad, Ait, Algerian leader

3925.

Ahmadabad

334, 334.

Ahmad al-A‘raj, heir-designate in Morocco

822, 822.

Ahmad al-Baladhuri, historian

296.

Ahmad al-Hiba, Mauritanian leader

1379.

Ahmad al-Mansur, ruler of Morocco

823, 823, 823, 823.

Ahmad al-Maqrizi, writer

320.

Ahmad al-Mutawakkil, imam of Yemen

1358.

Najjar, Ahmad al-, economist

3910.

Ahmad al-Nasiri, scholar

1377.

Ahmad al-Rifa’i, Sufi leader

303.

Ahmad al-Tijani, Sufi leader

829, 1375, 1381, 1387.

Ahmad al-Wansharisi, North African jurist

822.

Ahmad al-Zayyani, Berber leader

1376.

Ahmad Bamba, African leader

1511.

Ahmad ben Umar

See Sheku Ahmadu, African leader.

Ahmad Bey, Turkish governor of Constantine

1382.

Ahmad Fu'ad, ruler of Egypt

2351, 2366, 3904.

Bakr, Ahmad Hasan al-, Iraqi leader

3882, 3884.

Ahmad Husayn, Egyptian leader

2364.

Ghashmi, Ahmad Husayn al-, Yemenite leader

3894.

Ahmad ibn Abi Diyaf, historian

1390.

Ahmad ibn Ali, ruler of Qatar

3896, 3898.

Ahmad ibn Buya, Mu’izz al-Dawla

298, 298.

Ahmad ibn Hanbal, religious scholar

295.

Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi, Ethiopian leader

879.

Ahmad ibn Khalifa, ruler of Bahrain

820.

Ahmad ibn Musa, Moroccan official

1377.

Ahmad ibn Sa‘id, ruler of Oman

820.

Ahmad ibn Taymiyya, scholar

320.

Ahmad ibn Tulun, Tulunid leader

296, 296.

Ahmad ibn Zayn al-Din al-Ahsa'i, founder of Shaykhi school

1349.

Ahmadiyas

1398.

Ahmad Kasravi, writer

3813.

Ahmad Lutfi al-Sayyid, Egyptian leader

2354, 2357.

Ahmad Maher, Egyptian leader

2354, 2367, 2369.

Ahmad Ma‘n, ruler of Mount Lebanon

805.

Ahmadnagar

334, 831, 832, 833.

Ahmad of Malindi, sheik of Mombassa

882.

Ahmad Pasha, Ottoman governor of Baghdad

805.

Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzar, governor of Sidon

809, 810.

Ahmad Qaramanli, ruler of Tripoli

828.

Ahmad Shah, ruler of India

334, 334, 819, 2338.

Ahmad Shah Abdali, Durani Afghan chief

835, 835.

Ahmad Shah Durrani, ruler of Afghanistan

819.

Ahmad Shawqi, poet

2363.

Ahmad Shuqayri, Palestininian leader

3771.

Ahmad Simnani, Sufi leader

306.

Ahmadu Lobbo

See Sheku Ahmadu, African leader.

Ahmad Urabi, Egyptian soldier

1372, 1372, 1372.

Ahmadzai, Najib, Najibullah

3834, 3834.

Ahmad Zaki Abu Shadi, poet

2426.

Ahman ibn Sa‘id

820.

Ahmed I, Ottoman sultan

799, 800, 800, 800, 802.

Ahmed II, Ottoman sultan

804, 804.

Ahmed III, Ottoman sultan

805.

Ahmed, Khandakar Mushtaq, Bangladeshi leader

4019, 4019.

Ahmed, Shahabuddin, Bangladeshi leader

4024.

Ahmedabad

3972.

Ahmed Jevdet, Ottoman official

1346.

Ahmed Kemalpashazade, Ottoman historian

793.

Ahmed Nedim, Ottoman poet

807.

Ahmed Niyazi Bey, Turkish officer

1347.

Ahmed Pasha, governor of Egypt

793.

Ahmed Resim Pasha, governor of Libya

1392.

Ahmed Riza, Turkish leader

1346, 1346.

Ahmed Tashkopruluzade, Ottoman scholar

796.

Ahmet Bey Zogu

See Zog I, king of Albania.

Ahmose

See Amosis, king of Egypt.

Ahmose-si-neit

See Amasis, king of Egypt.

Aho, Esko, Finnish leader

3080, 3083.

Ahriman

121.

Ahtisaari, Martti, Finnish leader

3082, 3083.

Aibak, ruler of India

331, 331, 331, 332.

Aidan, Irish monk

421, 425.

Aidid, Mohammed Farah, Somalian leader

4400.

AIDS

See disease.

Aigues Mortes

452, 452.

Aigun, treaty of

955, 1259, 1417.

Aihole

326.

Ain el-Roumaneh, Lebanon

3846.

Ainu

164, 385.

Airbus, European plane

2703, 2704, 2832.

Airbus Industrie

2704.

aircraft

990, 990; helicopter, 1736. See airplanes.

Air Force Academy, U.S.

3400.

Air France

2839.

Airikyan, Paruir, Armenian nationalist

3306.

airplanes

1764, 1765, 1784, 1852, 2317; first flight over North Pole, 997; first flights over Antarctica, 998; jet-powered transatlantic airline, 1736; WWI, 1764, 1764, 1764, 1764, 1764, 1764, 1765, 1765, 1765, 1766, 1766, 1766, 1766, 1767, 1767, 1767; WWII, 1854, 2523, 2587, 2587, 2587, 2589, 2590, 2596, 2609, 2617, 2619, 2621, 2627, 2630, 2631, 2631; transcontinental air mail service, 2191; first nonstop New York to Paris flight, 2195; circumnavigation, 2199; Iran, 2339; Egypt, 2362; war in China, 2479; Australia, 2539, 2544; weekly airmail service, 2548; mail, 2556; Africa, 2561; World War II, 2630; European, 2703; supersonic, 2704, 2704; Airbus, 2704; transatlantic flights, 2759; first jetliner, 2762; U.S.-Russia direct service, 3414. See aircraft; transportation.

A’isha, wife of Muhammad

287, 288.

Aisin Gioro, Golden Tribe

852.

Aisne, battles of the

1755, 1781, 1789, 1801, 1812.

Aisne River

404.

Aistulf, Lombard king

408, 408, 410.

Aitape, New Guinea

2630.

Aix en Provence

235.

Aix-la-Chapelle

649, 662, 662, 712, 758, 834, 939; congress, 1045; congress on piracy, 1381, 1385.

Aix-les-Bains

3919.

Ajanta caves

129, 326.

Ajatasatru, king of Magadha

129.

Ajayapala, ruler of India

331.

Ajlun

800.

Ajmer

331.

Ajnadayn

287.

Akalamdug, Sumerian king

84.

Akali Dal Party, India

3978, 3978, 3979.

Akalis, Sikhs

2435.

Akan

345, 873, 873.

Åkarp law, Sweden

1249.

Akayev, Aksar, Kirghiz leader

3339, 3340, 3340, 3342, 3343, 3343, 3344.

Akbar, Indian prince

575, 580, 814, 831, 831, 831, 832, 832, 832, 832, 833, 834.

Akhbari Shi’ism

815, 817.

Akhetaten (later Tell al-Amarna)

93.

Akhenaten, king of Egypt

90. See Amenophis IV (Akhenaten), king of Egypt.

Akhlamu

103, 106.

Akhromeyev, Sergei, Russian commander

3296.

Akhuni of Bit Adini

106.

Akiba, Jewish leader

253.

Akihito, emperor of Japan

4170, 4242, 4243, 4243.

Akitoye, king of Lagos

1516.

Akkad

66, 83, 83, 84, 84, 84, 84, 84, 85, 88, 93, 102, 112, 122, 122, 124.

Akkerman

315.

Akko

103.

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