VI. The World Wars and the Interwar Period, 1914–1945 > F. The Middle East and North Africa, 1914–1945 > 2. The Middle East > c. Afghanistan > 1922
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  The Encyclopedia of World History.  2001.
 
 
1922
 
Institution of the first national budget.  1
 
1923, April 9
 
Promulgation of a constitution. The emir retained all executive powers. A legislature (half of which was appointed by the emir) was established, but its functions were mainly consultative.  2
 
1924–25
 
Promulgation of a new penal code, which was a combination of secular law, aspects of tribal law, and a systematized version of Islamic law. The new code antagonized leaders of the religious establishment, who perceived it as an attempt by the emir to undercut their authority and prestige.  3
 
1924, April
 
The Khost Rebellion, led by the Mangal tribe in response to the government's modernizing reforms. The revolt was put down by Jan. 1925.  4
 
1925
 
Appearance of the first Afghan radio station.  5
 
1927
 
Founding of the first regular daily newspaper, Aman-i Afghan.  6
 
1928, July
 
Inauguration of a second wave of reforms, inspired by Turkish and Iranian precedents, which ultimately caused the downfall of Amanullah. Among the projects the king put forward were the expansion of the army and the introduction of military conscription, the modernization of the country's communications, and the promotion of secular education. To finance these measures, the king declared a new tax on all mature males. But by far his most controversial proposals involved social policy. The king publicly came out in opposition to polygamy and women's veiling, and imposed Western dress on all Afghans visiting or residing in Kabul. His reforms particularly incensed the religious establishment, the bastion of conservatism in the country.  7
 
Nov
 
Outbreak of an extensive antigovernment revolt brought on by the king's latest round of reforms. By Jan. 1929 fighting had reached the outskirts of Kabul.  8
 
 
 
The Encyclopedia of World History, Sixth edition. Peter N. Stearns, general editor. Copyright © 2001 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Maps by Mary Reilly, copyright © 2001 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

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