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| 1829, March 4–1837, March 4 |
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| ANDREW JACKSON (1767–1845), who defeated Adams in the election of 1828, became the seventh president. The election of Jackson was a triumph of the frontier democracy of the West. | 1 |
| The spoils system, the practice of basing appointments on party service, was nationalized by Jackson. The system was already well established in certain states of the North and the West. | 2 |
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| 1829–50 |
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| Rise of the common man and era of reform. By 1829 the principle of white male suffrage was established in most states. Opposition to reform was strongest in Rhode Island. | 3 |
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| 1829 |
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| The Workingmen's Party was organized in New York, following the example set in Philadelphia the preceding year. The movement spread to other seaboard states in the North. The program of the movement included social reform, free public schools, banking legislation, and abolition of imprisonment for debt. | 4 |
| The self-educated New York City machinist Thomas Skidmore published his The Right of Man to Property, which urged workers to gain control over the government and redistribute the wealth on an equal basis. | 5 |
| The free black David Walker (1785–1830) of Boston issued his Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World, which exhorted blacks to rise up against slavery at home and abroad. | 6 |
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| 1830s |
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| Anthracite coal fields were opened in eastern Pennsylvania and stimulated the iron and railroad industries as well as a variety of machine tool industries. By 1860, over 30,600 miles of railroad track traversed the country, nearly equally divided among the Northeast, the South, and the Midwest. | 7 |
| Growing importance of women writers, producing realistic fiction, advice manuals, and reform literature. | 8 |
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| 1830 |
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| Organization of the Mormon Church at Fayette, N.Y., by Joseph Smith. The Book of Mormon was first printed. | 9 |
| Revivalists like Charles Grandison Finney continued activities known as the Second Great Awakening. | 10 |
| Great debate between Daniel Webster and Robert Hayne on the nature of the Union. The debate was really begun by Thomas Benton, who protested against New England's attempts to limit the sale of western lands. | 11 |
| Jackson's veto of the Maysville Road Bill. | 12 |
| Congress passed the Indian Removal Act, designed to move Native Americans farther west across the Mississippi to make room for migrating white settlers. | 13 |
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| 1830–34 |
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| Controversy arose between Georgia and the Cherokee Indians and led to development of Jackson's Indian policy. An act of March 10, 1830, authorized the president to locate on lands west of the Mississippi all Indians who surrendered their holdings east of the river. The act led to the creation of an area west of Arkansas as the final home for the southern Indians. A commission of Indian affairs was created. | 14 |
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| 1831–33 |
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| William Lloyd Garrison (1805–79) established the Liberator (1831) at Boston to advocate unconditional emancipation of the slaves, marking the beginning of the abolitionist movement. The New England Anti-Slavery Society (1832) and the American Anti-Slavery Society (1833) were founded. Oberlin College opened its doors to Negroes as well as to women (1833). | 15 |
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| 1831 |
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| Nat Turner's Rebellion. Under the leadership of Nat Turner, slaves of Southampton, Va., rebelled, killing 60 whites before the militia put the revolt down. | 16 |
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| 1832 |
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| The Sauk and Fox Indians were massacred, when under the leadership of Black Hawk they tried to return to their homes in northwestern Illinois. | 17 |
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| July |
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| The Tariff Act of 1832, an improvement over the “tariff of abominations,” retained the protective principle that was unsatisfactory to South Carolina and led to the nullification episode. | 18 |
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