| |
| 41–40 |
| |
| Octavian's policy of confiscation led to a war against Antony's wife, Fulvia, and brother, Lucius Antonius, which Octavian won by reducing them at Perugia in 40. | 1 |
| |
| 40 |
| |
| War was averted by the Pact of Brundisium, where the recently widowed Antony agreed to marry Octavian's sister, Octavia. | 2 |
| |
| 39 |
| |
| Sextus Pompey, who since Munda had waged a naval war against the Caesarians, gained control of Sicily, Sardinia, and the Peloponnese; by cutting off Rome's grain supply, he forced the triumvirs to recognize his power by the Treaty of Misenum. Octavian divorced his second wife, Scribonia, and married Livia, previously the wife of Tiberius Claudius Nero. | 3 |
| |
| 37 |
| |
| Growing tensions between Octavian and Antony were resolved by the Treaty of Tarentum. The triumvirate was renewed for another five years. | 4 |
| |
| 36 |
| |
| At Naulochus in Sicily, Octavian's fleet under his general M. Vipsanius Agrippa defeated Sextus Pompey, who fled to Greece, where he was executed. Lepidus, now odd man out, attempted to take Sicily but was deserted by his army. Octavian deprived him of his triumviral powers but spared his life. Octavian campaigned in Illyricum (35–34). | 5 |
| |
| 36 |
| |
| Antony suffered a major defeat in his invasion of Parthia, losing 22,000 men in his retreat through Armenia. On his return, he rejected the aid of Octavia in favor of that of Cleopatra, with whom he openly consorted. | 6 |
| |
| 34 |
| |
| Antony conducted a victorious campaign in Armenia and by the donations of Alexandria distributed various eastern Roman territories to his children by Cleopatra. | 7 |
| |
| 32 |
| |
| The Second Triumvirate expired without renewal, and Octavian drove the Antonian consuls and 300 senators to Antony. Octavian stirred up anti-Egyptian sentiment in Italy and had the cities of Italy and the west take an oath of allegiance to him as dux (military leader). | 8 |
| |
| 31 |
| |
| Octavian was elected consul and declared war against Cleopatra. The opposing forces meet in western Greece; in a naval battle at ACTIUM, Antony and Cleopatra were defeated and retreated to Egypt. | 9 |
| |
| 30 |
| |
| Octavian pursued them to Egypt, where first Antony, then Cleopatra, committed suicide, marking an end to opposition to Octavian, as well the end of the Ptolemaic dynasty (See 47–30). | 10 |
| |
| |
