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| 1899, Jan. 21 |
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| Proclamation of the Malolos Constitution drawn up by ilustrados who were concerned about the protection of their own political rights and limiting the powers of Aguinaldo. Similar to the American model, it proposed the separation among the powers of government and separation of church and state. | 1 |
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| Feb. 4 |
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| Outbreak of fighting between Americans and Filipinos. There was fierce debate in the U.S. government between those in favor of annexation of the Philippines and those opposing it. The former won with a narrow margin. In the ensuing war between the Americans and the Filipino revolutionaries, both sides committed atrocities. The First Philippine Commission sent by the U.S. in March promised self-government under U.S. authority. | 2 |
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| Aug. 20 |
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| Agreement between Sulu and the United States granted stipends and religious liberty to Sulu in return for an end to the slave trade and loyalty to the United States. This was the basis for the incorporation of the Muslim south into the modern Philippines. These areas have remained uncertain members of the Philippine state. | 3 |
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