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| 1896 |
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| Kafiristan, a territory of polytheistic peoples, was conquered. Its inhabitants were forced to convert to Sunni Islam. The province was integrated into Afghanistan and renamed Nurestan (Land of Light). | 1 |
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| 1901–19 |
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| HABIBULLAH KHAN. He renewed ties with the British and opened a wool-weaving center in Kabul. During his reign political exiles were granted amnesty, which allowed the return of Afghan intellectuals from the Middle East and India. The foundation of a group of constitutionalists called the Young Afghans, who were anti-British and pro-Turk, formed the basis of a modern Islamic movement. They established public education for boys and imported Ottoman doctors and military advisers. Opposition to their ideas was promoted by other Afghans who had been exiled in India and were pro-British promoters of secular, technological modernization. | 2 |
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| 1907 |
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| Two schools were founded in Kabul, one civilian and one military. | 3 |
| Habibullah Khan visited British India as a guest of Viceroy Gilbert Elliot. | 4 |
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| Aug. 31 |
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| British-Russian convention on Afghanistan, in which Russia acknowledged that the country fell within the British sphere of influence. | 5 |
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