- Aachen
- 411, 416, 417, 457. See Aix-la-Chapelle.
- Aaland Islands
- 1026, 1774, 2048, 2055, 2056; convention, 1709, 1820.
- Aarau, peace of
- 749.
- Aargau
- 546, 546, 625.
- Aaron, biblical leader
- 104.
- Aar River
- 540.
- Aba, Nigeria
- 2554, 4323.
- Abacha, Sani, Nigerian leader
- 4326, 4371, 4371, 4371, 4372, 4373.
- abacus
- 851.
- Abadan
- 2764, 3815, 3820.
- Abahai, son of Nurhachi
- 852.
- Abaqa, Ilkhanid leader
- 305.
- Abascal y Sousa, José Fernando, colonial administrator
- 1648, 1649.
- Aba Women's War, Ogu Umunwanyi
- 2559, 2559.
- Abaza Hasan Pasha, governor of Aleppo
- 803, 803.
- Abbadid dynasty
- 475, 475.
- Abbadie, Antoine T. d', explorer
- 1508.
- Abbans, Claude de Jouffroy d'
- 989.
- Abbas I, the Great
- 575, 579, 799, 800, 812, 813, 813, 813, 814, 814, 814, 814, 814, 815, 815, 815, 815, 816.
- Abbas II, shah of Persia
- 816, 816, 816.
- Abbas III, shah of Persia
- 817.
- Abbas, Ferhat, Algerian leader
- 3925, 3927, 3928, 3933.
- Abbas al-Mahdi, imam of Yemen
- 820.
- Abbas Hilmi I, governor of Egypt
- 1367.
- Abbas Hilmi II, khedive of Egypt
- 1373, 1374, 1748.
- Abbasid dynasty
- 276, 278, 279, 281, 281, 281, 285, 289, 291, 291, 291, 292, 292, 292, 292, 292, 292, 292, 292, 292, 292, 293, 293, 294, 294, 294, 295, 295, 296, 296, 296, 296, 297, 297, 297, 297, 297, 297, 298, 299, 299, 300, 300, 300, 300, 301, 303, 304, 317, 317, 318, 318, 319, 319, 331, 343, 411, 419, 419.
- Abbas Mahmud al-Aqqad, poet
- 2426.
- Abbas Mirza, heir apparent to Iranian throne
- 1349.
- Abbeville, France
- 2585, 2585.
- Abbey Theater, Dublin
- 1868.
- Abbott, John J. C.
- 1635, 1635.
- Abbud, Ibrahim, Sudanese leader
- 4404, 4404.
- ABC powers
- 2238; treaty, 2270.
- Abd al-Aziz, Saudi emir
- 820.
- Abd al-Aziz al-Fishtali, Moroccan writer
- 823.
- Abd al-Aziz ibn Sa’ud, Saudi ruler
- 1362.
- Abd al-Fattah Fumani, Iranian historian
- 815.
- Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulusi, Damascene scholar
- 807.
- Abd al-Hamid ibn Badis, religious leader
- 2423.
- Abd al-Hamid Sa‘id, Egyptian leader
- 2358.
- Abd al-Husayn Hazhir, Iranian leader
- 3813.
- Abd al-Husayn Mirza, writer
- 1352.
- Abd al-Ilah, regent of Iraq
- 2406, 3878.
- Abdali tribe
- 819, 819, 819. See Durranis.
- ‘Abd al-Karim ben Jame, Wadai leader
- 871.
- Abdallah, emir of Transjordan
- 2395, 2396, 2396, 2397, 2397, 2397, 2398, 2398, 2398.
- Abdallah, Saudi emir
- 1358.
- Abdallah, sheik, ruler of Kuwait
- 3896, 3897.
- Abdallah, sultan of Morocco
- 824.
- Abdallah, Ahmed, Comoros leader
- 4415, 4415, 4416.
- Abdallah al-Ghalib, ruler of Morocco
- 823.
- Abdallah al-Mahdi, imam of Yemen
- 1358.
- Abdallah al-Nasir, imam of Yemen
- 1359.
- Abdallah al-Sabah, sheik of Kuwait
- 1361.
- Abdallah al-Sallal, Yemenite leader
- 3892.
- Abdallah ibn al-Zubayr, Umayyad challenger
- 289.
- Abdallah ibn Faysal, Saudi emir
- 1361, 1361, 1361.
- Abdallah ibn Idris al-Sanusi, Muslim teacher
- 2420.
- Abdallah ibn Rashid, Arab ruler
- 1359.
- Abdallah ibn Sabah, sheik of Kuwait
- 820.
- Abdallah ibn Thunayn, Saudi emir
- 1359.
- Abdallah ibn Yasin, Almoravid leader
- 344.
- Abd al-Malik, ruler of Morocco
- 823, 823.
- Abd al-Malik, Umayyad caliph
- 290, 290, 290.
- Abd al-Ma'mun, Almohad leader
- 322.
- Abd al-Muhsin al-Sa‘dun, Iraqi leader
- 2400, 2402.
- Abd al-Mu'min, Almohad leader
- 322.
- Abd al-Muttalib, sharif of Mecca
- 1334.
- Abd al-Qadir, Algerian leader
- 1375, 1376, 1382, 1382, 1382.
- Abd al-Qadir, leader of Futa Toro
- 872.
- Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani, Sufi leader
- 303.
- Abd al-Qadir al-Maraghi, musician
- 307.
- Abd al-Qadir ibn al-Sharif, Sufi leader
- 1381.
- Abd al-Rahim Talibov, Iranian reformer
- 1351.
- Abd al-Rahman I, emir
- 419.
- Abd al-Rahman al-Ghushtuli, Ramaniyya Sufi leader
- 829.
- Iryani, Abd al-Rahman al-, Yemenite leader
- 3892, 3893, 3894.
- Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti, historian
- 1367.
- Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi, Arab nationalist
- 1347.
- Abd al-Rahman ibn Faysal, Saudi emir
- 1362.
- Abd al-Rahman ibn Khaldun, political theorist
- 323.
- Abd al-Rahman Khan, ruler of Afghanistan
- 1355, 1355, 1355, 1355.
- Abd al-Rahman Najjar Zada Tabrizi, writer
- 1353.
- Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar, Syrian leader
- 2376.
- Abd al-Rahman Shukri, poet
- 2426.
- ‘Abd al-Ra'uf, reformer
- 839.
- Abd al-Ra'uf al-Sinkili, Sumatran leader
- 580.
- Sanhuri, Abd al-Razzaq al-, Egyptian leader
- 3902.
- Abd ar-Rahman, emir of Afghanistan
- 1108.
- Abd ar-Rahman, Sanchol
- 419.
- Abd ar-Rahman II, emir
- 419.
- Abd ar-Rahman III, emir
- 419, 419.
- Abd'ashtart, king of Tyre
- 109.
- Abdeel tribe
- 127.
- Megrahi, Abdel Basset Ali al-, terrorist
- 3949.
- Abd-el-Krim, Riffian leader
- 1921.
- Abdera
- 186.
- Abdin Palace, Egypt
- 2368.
- Abdmilkot, Babylonian leader
- 109.
- Abdoulkarim, Muhammad Taki, Comoros leader
- 4410, 4416.
- Abdul Aziz, sultan of Morocco
- 978.
- Abdulaziz, Ottoman sultan
- 1335, 1337, 1341.
- Abdul Halim Muazzam, sultan of Kedah and ruler of Malaysia
- 4112.
- Abdulhamid I, Ottoman sultan
- 809, 810.
- Abdulhamid II, Ottoman sultan
- 957, 978, 1337, 1341, 1342, 1342, 1342, 1342, 1342, 1343, 1343, 1345, 1346, 1347, 1347, 1347, 1347, 1348.
- Abdullah II, king of Jordan
- 3877.
- Abdullah, Muhammad
- 3962, 3965, 3965, 3966, 3968.
- Abdullah ibn Hussein, emir (later king) of Transjordan
- 3871, 3871.
- Abdullah ibn Tashfin, Berber prophet
- 475.
- Abdulmalik al-Muzaffar, the Victorious
- 419.
- Abdulmejid I, Ottoman sultan
- 1331, 1335.
- Abdulmejid II, Turkish caliph
- 2324.
- Abdul-Mu'min, Berber leader
- 475.
- Abdul Rahman, prince, Malaysian leader
- 4104, 4105, 4106, 4112, 4112.
- Dahhab, Abdul Rahman Siwar al-, Sudanese leader
- 4404.
- Abdul Razak, Malaysian leader
- 4112, 4112.
- Abdur-rauf as-Singkili, Malay scholar
- 841.
- Abe, Japanese military clan
- 386.
- Abel, king of Denmark
- 461, 461.
- Abel, Frederick, co-developer of cordite
- 984.
- Abel, Niels, mathematician
- 1039, 1039.
- Abel, Rudolf, Soviet spy
- 3276.
- Abélard, Peter, theologian
- 450.
- Abeokuta
- 1515, 1521.
- Aberdeen, earl of, George Hamilton Gordon, English leader
- 1155.
- Aberdeen, earl of, John Campbell Gordon, governor-general of Canada
- 1635.
- Aberdeen, University of
- 594.
- Aberhart, William, Canadian leader
- 2231.
- Abernathy, Ralph D., civil rights activist
- 3415.
- Abhayagiri Monastery
- 134.
- Abhidharmakosa sastra
- 131, 131.
- Abhira tribe
- 133.
- Abibaal, king of Tyre
- 109.
- Abieshu, king of Babylon
- 85.
- Abijah, king of Judah
- 105.
- Abiola, Kudriat, Nigerian leader
- 4371.
- Abiola, Moshood, Nigerian leader
- 4371, 4371, 4371, 4373.
- Abipón people
- 570.
- Abisala, Aleksandras, Lithuanian leader
- 3355.
- Abiyate, king of Qedar
- 127.
- Abkhazia
- 2644, 3327, 3329.
- Åbo, treaty of
- 763, 787.
- abolitionist movement
- 877; U.S., 1575, 1576, 1577, 1583; in Latin America, 1677.
- Aboriginal Justice Inquiry, Manitoba
- 3458.
- aboriginal land rights movement, Australia
- 4303.
- aborigines, Australia
- 4303, 4304, 4310, 4310, 4311.
- Abortion Act, Great Britain
- 2778, 2788.
- Abraham, biblical figure
- 104.
- Abrahams, Peter, writer
- 4320.
- Abrams, Creighton W., U.S. commander
- 4270.
- Abramson, Albert, British diplomat
- 2396.
- absolutism
- 761; 18th century, 578; 17th century, 584; 1800–1914, 1035; Portugal, 1064, 1065.
- Abu al-Abbas, Hafsid leader
- 323.
- Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah, Abbasid caliph
- 291, 292.
- Abu al-Abbas Mahalli, mahdi of Morocco
- 823.
- Abu al-’Ala' al-Ma’arri, poet
- 317.
- Abu al-Faraj Ali al-Isfahani, poet
- 300.
- Abu al-Firas, poet
- 317.
- Abu al-Hasan, Marinid leader
- 323.
- Abu Ali al-Husayn ibn Sina, Avicenna
- 301.
- Abu Ali al-Tanukhi, writer
- 300.
- Abu Ali Miskawayh, historian
- 301.
- Abu al-Qasim al-Junayd, mystic
- 297.
- Abu al-Qasim al-Shabbi, poet
- 2426.
- Abu al-Tayyib al-Mutanabbi, poet
- 317, 317.
- Abu Amr Uthman, Hafsid leader
- 323.
- Abubakar, Abdusdem, Nigerian leader
- 4326, 4373.
- Abu Bakr, Hafsid leader
- 287, 322.
- Abu Bakr ibn Tufayl, Abbubacer
- 322.
- Abu Dhabi
- 3771, 3896, 3897, 3897.
- Abu Hafs Umar, Hintata leader
- 322.
- Abu Hamid al-Darqawi, Darqawiyya Sufi leader
- 829.
- Abu Hamid Muhammad al-Ghazali, theologian
- 302, 302, 322.
- Abu Hanifa, legal scholar
- 293.
- Abu Himara, Jilali al-Zarhumi
- 1377.
- Abu Hureyra, Syria
- 32, 36, 36.
- Abu Inan, Hafsid leader
- 323, 323.
- Abukir, battle of
- 810, 1010.
- Abu Mansur al-Yasa, Midrarid leader
- 292.
- Abu Maydan al-Andalusi, scholar
- 322.
- Abu Muhammad al-Qasim al-Hariri, writer
- 301.
- Abu Muslim, Abbasid leader
- 291, 292, 292, 293.
- Abu Nasr Muhammad al-Farabi, scholar
- 300.
- Abu Nidal, PLO leader
- 3779, 3843.
- Abu Nuwas, al-Hasan ibn Hani
- 294.
- Abu Sa'id, Timurid leader
- 306, 308.
- Abu Sayyaf, Philippines Muslim group
- 4294.
- Abu Shihiri, Arab leader in Africa
- 1531.
- Abu Simbel
- 93, 96, 98, 2663.
- Abu Talib, uncle of Muhammad
- 286.
- Abu Ya’qub, Almohad leader
- 322.
- Abu Yazid, caliph
- 321.
- Abu Ziyan, Algerian leader
- 1382.
- Abydos
- 89, 91, 93, 177, 438.
- Abyssinia
- 869; and Egypt, 1370.
- Académie Française
- 2869.
- Académie Royale des Sciences, France
- 640.
- Academy of Arcadia, Italy
- 735.
- Academy of Athens
- 274.
- Academy of History, Spain
- 723.
- Academy of Inscriptions and Belle Lettres, Paris
- 711.
- Academy of Plato
- 186.
- Academy of Science, Russia
- 786.
- Academy of Science and Letters, Poland
- 1268.
- Academy of Sciences, France
- 711.
- Academy of Sciences, Serbia
- 1285.
- Academy of Sciences, East Germany
- 3339.
- Acadia
- 659, 920, 921, 939, 940; relocation of inhabitants, 940.
- Acapulco
- 911, 3702.
- Acarnania
- 168, 194, 202.
- Accademia dei Lincei, Rome
- 638.
- Accademia del Cimento, Florence
- 640.
- Accius, Lucius, Roman playwright
- 229.
- Accra, Ghana
- 876, 2558, 2558, 2559, 4322, 4322, 4326, 4344.
- Aceh, Sumatra
- 580, 837, 837, 837, 839, 839, 839, 839, 839, 841, 4136, 4139.
- Aceval, Emilio, Latin American leader
- 1666.
- Achá, José María de, Latin American leader
- 1668.
- Achaea
- 93, 113, 168, 172, 173, 174, 178, 178, 179, 184, 192, 192, 193, 204, 206, 210, 210, 210, 211, 211, 212, 233, 234, 497, 508, 564, 564, 564.
- Achaean League
- 210, 210, 210, 210, 211, 211, 211, 212, 233.
- Achaemenes, Persian chieftain
- 123.
- Achaemenid dynasty
- 123, 124, 129, 208, 275.
- Achaia
- See Achaea.
- Achard, Franz K., builder of first sugar-beet factory
- 987.
- Acheampong, I. Kuta, Ghanaian leader
- 4344, 4344.
- Achebe, Chinua, writer
- 4320.
- Acheson, Dean, U.S. leader
- 3393, 3394, 3395.
- Acheulian culture
- 11.
- Achille Lauro
- 2945, 3779.
- Achilleus, Aurelius, rebel in Egypt
- 261.
- Achimoto College, Accra
- 2558.
- Achinese people
- 1414.
- Achoris, king of Egypt
- 95.
- Acilius, Caius, Roman historian
- 229.
- Acker, Achille van, Belgian leader
- 2821.
- Acland, Richard, British politician
- 1856.
- Acolhua people
- 570.
- Acosta, Julio, Costa Rican leader
- 2286.
- Acquaviva, Rodolfo, Portuguese Jesuit in India
- 832.
- acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, AIDS
- See disease.
- Acragas
- 185, 185, 190, 193, 193.
- Acre
- 318, 320, 460, 473, 474, 505, 807, 809, 810, 1751; hospital, 460.
- Acre district, Brazil
- 1669.
- Acropolis, Athens
- 171, 186, 1275.
- Acte, wife of Nero
- 248.
- Acte Additionnel aux Constitutions de l'Empire, France
- 1033.
- Acteal, Chiapas
- 3711.
- Act for the Abolition of the Slave Trade, England
- 1513.
- Act for the Attainder of the Rebels, England
- 695.
- Act for the Gradual Civilization of the Indian Tribes in the Canadas
- 1630.
- Act in Restraint of Appeals, England
- 586.
- Action Directe, terrorist group
- 2874.
- Action française
- 1905.
- Actium
- 219, 242.
- Act of 1913, U.S.
- 1620.
- Act of 1887, U.S.
- 1602.
- Act of Chapultepec
- 2603.
- Act of Explanation, England
- 695.
- Act of Grace, England
- 680.
- Act of Havana
- 2599.
- Act of Indemnity and Oblivion, England
- 674.
- Act of Mediation, Switzerland
- 751.
- Act of Settlement, England
- 674, 682, 694, 694, 695.
- Act of Succession, England
- 683.
- Act of Supremacy, England
- 586, 588.
- Act of Uniformity, England
- 588, 589, 674, 674, 675, 695.
- Act of Union
- 1076, 1076, 1247, 1249; Denmark and Iceland, 2060, 3084.
- Act of Unity and Security, Sweden
- 764.
- Acts of Grace, Japan
- 395, 396.
- Acts of Union
- 700, 701; 1800, 702, 1051, 1051, 1051.
- Adad
- See Ninurta.
- Adad-nirari I, king of Assyria
- 86.
- Adad-nirari II, king of Assyria
- 87.
- Adad-nirari III, king of Assyria
- 87, 87.
- Adal
- 361.
- Adalaj
- 334.
- Adalbero, bishop of Reims
- 414.
- Adalbert, archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen
- 454, 454.
- Adalbert of Prague, St., missionary
- 491.
- Adalbert of Trier
- 456.
- Adalen
- 2049.
- Adalia, Italian claims to
- 1746, 1749, 1752.
- Adam, John, governor-general of India
- 1394.
- Adamec, Ladislav, Czech leader
- 3133.
- Adami, Eddie Fenech, Maltese leader
- 2968, 2969.
- Adamkus, Valdas, Lithuanian leader
- 3357, 3357.
- Adams, Abigail, wife of John Adams
- 947.
- Adams, Gerry, Irish leader
- 2814, 2816, 3432.
- Adams, John, U.S. president
- 1565, 1565, 1565, 1566, 1567; in the American Revolution, 943, 947; as vice president, 1565.
- Adams, John Couch, astronomer
- 1040.
- Adams, John Quincy, U.S. president
- 1574, 1574, 1574, 1574, 1575.
- Adams, Samuel, American leader
- 943, 944.
- Adams, Will, English navigator in Japan
- 859.
- Adana
- 115, 315, 437, 1328, 1331, 1348, 1367.
- Adansi
- 873.
- Adballah ben Ahmad al-Mazrui, governor of Mombassa
- 1528.
- Adda
- 743.
- Addams, Jane, U.S. reformer
- 1603.
- Addington, Henry, English leader
- 692.
- Addis Ababa
- 1523, 1523, 1724, 1833, 1954, 2561, 2563, 2563, 2612, 4390; treaty, 1222; agreement, 4404, 4404.
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