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| e. Zimbabwe |
| 1959 |
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| The revived national movement, the African National Congress (ANC), led by Joshua Nkomo, was banned, and 500 leaders were detained. | 1 |
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| 1960 |
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| Former ANC militants formed the National Democratic Party (NDP), led by Nkomo. | 2 |
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| 1961 |
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| The NDP was banned, and the Zimbabwean African People's Union (ZAPU) was organized. | 3 |
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| 1962, Sept |
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| ZAPU was banned, and nationalist activity went underground. | 4 |
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| 1963 |
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| The Zimbabwean African National Union (ZANU) was formed by ZAPU members who disagreed with Nkomo's policies. ZANU organized the Zimbabwean African National Liberation Army (ZANLA) and sent recruits to China for training. | 5 |
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| 1964, July |
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| ZANLA guerrillas killed a Rhodesian Front official, signaling the beginning of the liberation war. | 6 |
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| Aug |
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| Several top nationalist leaders, including ZAPU's Nkomo and ZANU's Robert Mugabe, were detained. | 7 |
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