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| 1909, Dec. 2 |
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| Giolitti's government overturned. Sonnino (Dec. 1909–March 1910) and Luzzatti (March 1910–March 1911) followed. | 1 |
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| 1911, March 29–1914, March 10 |
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| Giolitti became prime minister again. | 2 |
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| 1911, Sept. 29–1912, Oct. 15 |
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| The TRIPOLITAN WAR (See Sept. 28) (See 1911–12). Concerned with growing instability in the region as evidenced by the Moroccan crises, the Italians issued an ultimatum to the Ottomans, demanding the right to take Tripoli. The Italians landed at Tripoli (Oct. 5, 1911) and occupied the town. The Italians then proceeded with naval operations in the Red Sea and along the Syrian coast, but Austria's refusal to permit war on the Balkan or Aegean coasts hampered them. The Ottomans closed the Straits after an Italian naval demonstration at the Dardanelles (April 16–19, 1912). The Italians occupied Rhodes and the other Dodecanese Islands (May 4–16, 1912). Peace negotiations opened in July without much success. The Ottomans capitulated under the threat of the Balkan Wars. The Treaty of Ouchy (definitive Treaty of Lausanne, Oct. 18) ended the war. The Ottomans gave up Tripoli, but the Italians recognized a representative of the sultan as caliph and restored the Dodecanese Islands to the Ottomans. | 3 |
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| 1912, June 29 |
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| Extension of the franchise increased the number of voters from about 3 million to about 8.5 million. This nearly amounted to universal male suffrage. The bill also provided members of Parliament with salaries. | 4 |
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| 1913, Oct |
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| The general election gave the Liberals a majority but increased the number of seats occupied by Socialists (78 instead of 41) and Catholics (35 instead of 14). | 5 |
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| 1914, March 9 |
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| A general strike was proclaimed at Rome, which demonstrated popular resistance to tax increases necessitated by the Tripolitan War. | 6 |
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| March 10 |
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| Cabinet of Antonio Salandra. The revolutionary railway union demanded an increase in wages, but the government and workers compromised. | 7 |
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| June 7 |
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| Riots broke out in Ancona, and a general strike followed. Enrico Malatesta led the uprising, and Benito Mussolini, then editor of the socialist newspaper, took a prominent part. | 8 |
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| Aug. 3 |
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| Italy proclaimed neutrality in World War I. (See Italy and the Papacy) | 9 |
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