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| d. 20th-Century Explorations |
| 1902–4 |
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| ROBERT F. SCOTT led a major Antarctic expedition, accomplishing significant discoveries and a record south. | 1 |
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| 1903–6 |
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| Roald Amundsen first sailed the complete Northwest Passage. | 2 |
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| 1907–9 |
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| Expeditions by F. A. Cook and Robert E. Peary each claimed to have reached the NORTH POLE, although it is possible that neither actually accomplished this. | 3 |
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| 1907–9 |
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| Ernest Shackleton led an Antarctic expedition that surpassed Scott's records and reached the south magnetic pole. | 4 |
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| 1910–12 |
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| ROALD AMUNDSEN discovered the South Pole, on which he placed the Norwegian flag in 1911. | 5 |
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| 1910–13 |
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| Scott's last expedition reached the South Pole in 1912, but the whole party died in a blizzard. | 6 |
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| 1917 |
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| Danish–U.S. treaty strengthened Danish claims to Greenland by ceding Virgin Islands to the United States in settlement of U.S. claims resulting from Peary's expeditions. | 7 |
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| 1918–25 |
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| Amundsen and H. Sverdrup navigated the Northeast Passage and spent an extended period in planned drift over the North Pole. | 8 |
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| 1924 |
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| Greenland became a Danish crown colony following Danish agreements with Norway and Great Britain. | 9 |
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| 1925 |
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| Spitsbergen came under the sovereignty of Norway. | 10 |
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| 1926 |
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| Richard Byrd and Floyd Bennett were the first to fly over the North Pole. | 11 |
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