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| g. Madagascar |
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(See 1400–1500)| |
| 1500 |
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| Four Swahili-speaking trading communities had been established in the north, exporting rice and slaves to East Africa and Arabia. | 1 |
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| 1550 |
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| End of immigration of main components of Malagasy population. Aristocratic Zafikasimambo emerged among the Antemoro, recent immigrants, in the east at Matitana. This priestly caste monopolized the privilege of slaughtering domestic animals, reduced freedoms accorded common people, and centralized power to create the first strong Antemoro kingdom. The Portuguese became the most active slave buyers in the northwest trading communities. They also traded for cattle, ambergris, and raffia cloth. | 2 |
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| 1600 |
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| Many small independent chiefdoms were scattered across the island. | 3 |
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| 1600–1700 |
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| There was increasing contact with Europeans; the focus of the slave trade shifted from East Africa and Arabia to the Cape of Good Hope and the New World. However, the Portuguese took fewer slaves than the Africans and Arabs did. The Comoro Islands became the collection point for Madagascar's trade to East Africa and Arabia. The Dutch and English also began trading in Madagascar. | 4 |
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| 1600–1800 |
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| English were the most active traders of slaves to the New World from the island. | 5 |
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| 1643–74 |
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| French established fort in the southeast. | 6 |
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| 1645 |
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| English Puritans established short-lived colony at St. Augustine Bay. | 7 |
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| 1647–74 |
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| Carmelite mission started in Madagascar. Lazerites and Capuchins also participated. | 8 |
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| 1690 |
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| Tsimanatona established Iboina state with Sakalava warriors. | 9 |
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| 1700 |
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| By this time much of the west was under the Sakalava Empire and there were kingdoms in the highlands and in the south. | 10 |
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| 1721 |
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| French annexed Mauritius, renaming it Île de France. | 11 |
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