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| 1957 |
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| Albert Sabin’s oral vaccine against poliomyelitis proved effective in mass tests. | 1 |
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| March 9 |
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| A joint congressional resolution empowered the president to use up to $200 million for economic and military assistance to any Middle Eastern nation desiring it; it asserted vital U.S. interest in the integrity and independence of all Middle Eastern countries (“Eisenhower Doctrine”). | 2 |
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| Sept. 3 |
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| At Little Rock, Ark., National Guardsmen blocked African-American students from entering Central High School. A federal court injunction required Gov. Orval Faubus to remove the National Guard (Sept. 20), and on Sept. 24, Pres. Eisenhower sent federal troops to prevent “mob rule.” | 3 |
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| Sept. 9 |
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| A CIVIL RIGHTS ACT set up the bipartisan Civil Rights Commission to investigate infringements of voting and other rights, and strengthened executive and court procedures. The commission was appointed on Nov. 7. | 4 |
| The Southern Christian Leadership Conference was formed to coordinate the expanding civil rights movement. | 5 |
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