- Arabian Sea
- 2676.
- Arabic numerals
- 295.
- Arab-Islamic culture
- 285.
- Arab-Israeli relations
- 2672, 3768.
- Arab-Israeli Wars
- 2638, 2640, 2648, 2664, 2670, 2671, 3281, 3418, 3873. See Six-Day War (June War); Yom Kippur War (October War, Ramadan War).
- Arab Language Academy
- 2363.
- Arab League
- 2369, 2377, 2644, 2673, 2685, 3769, 3769, 3778, 3779, 3783, 3786, 3918, 3920, 3929, 3942, 3947.
- Arab Legion, Transjordan
- 2397, 2398.
- Arab oil embargo
- 2640, 3425.
- Arabs
- 43, 44, 44, 127, 131, 273, 275, 275, 281, 281, 281, 285, 285, 285, 285, 285, 285, 286, 286, 286, 286, 287, 287, 287, 287, 287, 287, 288, 296, 297, 297, 299, 300, 300, 303, 315, 318, 321, 325, 325, 334, 334, 339, 346, 351, 360, 360, 360, 360, 360, 362, 366, 368, 373, 419, 429, 429, 429, 429, 429, 430, 430, 430, 430, 430, 430, 431, 431, 431, 431, 431, 432, 432, 432, 433, 433, 434, 434, 435, 436, 438, 443, 476, 505, 575, 794, 804, 807, 1335, 1347, 1348, 1348, 1383, 1528, 1528, 1529, 1538, 1542, 1751, 3774; Umayyad period, 289, 289, 289, 290, 290, 290, 290, 291, 291, 291, 291; Abbasid period, 291, 292, 292; in Africa, 1531, 1548.
- Arabsat
- 3779.
- Arab Socialist Party, Egypt
- 3911.
- Arab Socialist Union, Libya
- 3948.
- Arab Socialist Union, ASU
- 3910, 3911.
- Arab states
- 1707, 1751, 1851, 1853, 2363, 2391, 2391, 2393, 2641, 2670, 2674, 2676, 2960, 3270, 3456, 3769, 3770, 3771, 3771, 3771, 3771, 3771, 3772, 3773, 3775, 3776, 3776, 3778, 3780, 3781, 3782, 3783; WWI, 1750, 1751, 1752, 1752, 1753, 1753; oil embargo, 3771, 3774.
- Arab States
- 3456, 3769, 3771, 3771, 3771, 3771, 3771, 3772, 3773, 3775, 3776, 3776, 3778, 3780, 3781, 3782, 3783; oil embargo, 3771, 3774.
- Arachosians
- 123.
- Arafat, Yasir, Palestinian leader
- 2694, 3437, 3772, 3778, 3781, 3784, 3861, 3863, 3863, 3863, 3864, 3865, 3865, 3865, 3866, 3867, 3868, 3869, 3869, 3873, 3876, 3876, 3917.
- Aragon
- 281, 322, 419, 451, 452, 469, 470, 470, 476, 478, 479, 525, 525, 525, 525, 526, 526, 526, 529, 533, 533, 533, 565, 601, 601, 601, 613, 720, 2899; union with Catalonia, 477, 479; union with Castile, 527; Spanish royal house, 607.
- Aragon, Louis, artist
- 1905.
- Arago River
- 479.
- Arakan
- 844, 845, 1395, 1402, 1402, 1402.
- Arakcheiev, Alexis, Russian official
- 1257.
- Araki Sadao, Japanese leader
- 2511, 2511, 2512.
- Aramaeans
- 100.
- Aramaic
- 87, 88, 95, 106, 106, 117, 126, 127, 129, 285.
- Aramayos
- 2255.
- Aramburu, Pedro, Argentine leader
- 3484, 3489.
- Arameans
- 86, 87, 87, 87, 88, 103, 103, 104, 104, 105, 106, 106, 106, 106, 106, 106, 118, 122.
- Aram Naharain
- 106.
- Aramu, king of Urartu
- 118.
- Arana, Francisco, Guatemalan leader
- 2278.
- Arana Osorio, Carlos, Guatemalan leader
- 3653.
- Aranjuez
- 726.
- Aranmore
- 425.
- Ara Pacis
- 246.
- Arapahoe Indians
- 1589.
- Aras River
- 1349, 1349.
- Aratus of Sicyon, Greek leader
- 210, 210, 210, 211, 211.
- Araucaní, Chile
- 910.
- Araucanian Indians
- 570, 570, 1660.
- Araujo, Arturo, El Salvadorian leader
- 2280.
- Araújo, Manuel Enrique, Latin American leader
- 1682.
- Arausio, battle of
- 235.
- Arawaks
- 570, 570.
- Araxes River
- 275.
- Arbed Steel Concern
- 2836.
- Arbela
- 119, 124.
- Arbenz Guzmán, Jacobo, Guatemalan leader
- 3648, 3648, 3648, 3648, 3649, 3649.
- Arbitration Act, Great Britain
- 1839.
- Arbogast, Frankish leader
- 264, 265.
- Arcadia
- 168, 174, 179, 190, 202, 206, 206, 210.
- Arcadian League
- 202, 202.
- Arcadiopolis
- 441, 503.
- Arcadius, Flavius, Roman emperor in the East
- 261, 265, 265, 265, 403, 403.
- Arcasids
- 216.
- Arce, Aniceto, Latin American leader
- 1668, 1669.
- Arce, Manuel José, Latin American leader
- 1680.
- archaeology
- 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 9, 9, 10, 11, 11, 11, 11, 12, 13, 13, 15, 15, 18, 19, 24, 28, 28, 28, 36, 41, 53.
- Archaic cultures
- 33, 33.
- Archangel
- 629.
- Archelaus, king of Macedon
- 197.
- Archer, Frederick S., pioneer in photography
- 989.
- Archidamian War
- 196.
- Archidamus of Sparta
- 195, 205.
- Archilochus, Ionian poet
- 176.
- Archimedes, Greek mathematician
- 208, 232.
- Archinard, Louis, French commander
- 1511.
- architecture
- 83, 87, 90, 91, 171, 171, 186, 208, 223, 229, 229, 239, 246, 260, 1733, 2702; ancient Greece, 176; Roman Republic, 229; Roman, 406; Byzantine, 406; Western Europe, 443; England, 444, 446, 513; France, 452, 524, 1179; Italy, 473; Spain, 479; Florence, 536; Russia, 558; 1500–1800, 584; England 1500–1800, 594; French Renaissance, 600; 1450–1700, 643; Italy in the 17th and 18th centuries, 735; Ottoman Empire, 794, 798, 800, 800, 808, 808; Iran in the 16th and 17th centuries, 814; Morocco, 824; Algiers, 826; North Africa, 827, 828; India 1500–1800, 832, 833; Japan 1500–1800, 857, 857; Americas, 912; and use of reinforced concrete, 984; and use of iron and steel, 984; 1800–1914, 1146; Iran, 1349; German, 1974.
- Archive of the Indies, Seville
- 725.
- Arch of Titus
- 246, 251.
- Arciniega, Claudio de, Spanish architect
- 912.
- Arcis-sur-Aube, battle of
- 1031.
- Arcot
- 337, 834.
- Arctic
- 13, 28, 33, 53, 956, 993, 993, 994, 996, 2045, 2656, 3275, 3458; research, 3446.
- Arctic Archipelago
- 33.
- Arctic Circle
- 921.
- Arctic Ocean
- 33, 2582.
- Ardabil
- 306, 308, 308.
- Ardahan
- 1108, 1108, 1343, 1344, 1752, 2322.
- Ardashir I, king of Persia
- 256, 272, 272, 272, 272.
- Ardashir II, king of Persia
- 273.
- Ardashir III, son of Kavad II
- 275.
- Ardennes
- 1789.
- Arditi, Italian Fascists
- 1944.
- Ardys, Lyndian king
- 114.
- Areas Reservation Act, South Africa
- 2578.
- Areco, Jorge Pacheco, Uruguayan leader
- 3528, 3530.
- Areopagus, Athenian council
- 180, 180, 191, 198.
- Arequipa
- 1670.
- Aretino, Pietro, Italian writer
- 607.
- Areus, king of Sparta
- 210.
- Arévalo, Juan José, Guatemalan leader
- 2279, 3648, 3651.
- Argana, Luis Maria, Paraguayan leader
- 3526.
- Argeads
- 182.
- Argentina
- 40, 1647, 1647, 1658, 1660, 1663, 1665, 1665, 1665, 1666, 1666, 1667, 1667, 1667, 1667, 1668, 1669, 1677, 1677, 1704, 1705, 2229, 2238, 2238, 2242, 2242, 2242, 2257, 2270, 2603, 2603, 2679, 2698, 2791, 3465, 3465, 3467, 3474, 3475, 3475, 3475, 3476, 3477, 3477, 3480, 3481, 3482, 3490, 3495, 3498, 3502, 3503, 3504, 3504, 3506, 3506, 3506, 3507, 3507, 3520, 3521, 3536, 3549, 3552, 3858; WWI, 1661, 2242; and Germany, 2242; Great Depression, 2242, 2246; between Wars, 2242; and Great Britain, 2242; WWII, 2243, 2243, 2244; economy, 3487; Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo, 3493; and Falklands, 3494, 3494.
- Argentine Anti-Communist Alliance, AAA
- 3491.
- Argentine Confederation
- 1658, 1659, 1665.
- Argeseanu, George, Romanian leader
- 2184.
- Arges River
- 1806.
- Argesul, battle of
- 1806.
- Argetoianu, Constantine, Romanian leader
- 2184.
- Argishti II, king of Urartu
- 118.
- Argive School
- 186.
- Argolis
- 168, 174.
- Argonne, battles of the
- 1791, 1812. See Meuse-Argonne, battle of the.
- Argos
- 173, 176, 178, 179, 179, 179, 187, 190, 190, 190, 191, 192, 192, 197, 197, 197, 197, 199, 199, 199, 210, 211, 567.
- Argüello, Leonardo, Nicaraguan leader
- 3675.
- Arguin
- 873, 875.
- Argumedo, Abel Ortíz, Mexican leader
- 2293.
- Argyll, 9th earl, Archibald Campbell, Scottish leader
- 676, 676.
- Argyll, 2nd duke of, John Campbell
- 684.
- Argyllshire
- 424.
- Arhurs
- 461.
- Ariadne, daughter of Leo I
- 269.
- Arianism
- 268, 268, 273, 279, 403, 403, 404, 407, 408, 408, 418.
- Arianne rocket
- 2703.
- Arias, Arnulfo, Panamanian leader
- 2277, 2277, 3637, 3638, 3638, 3640, 3640, 3646.
- Arias, Harmodio, Panamanian leader
- 2276, 2276.
- Arias de Ávila, Pedro, Spanish colonial governor
- 895, 895, 895, 896, 898.
- Arias Espinoza, Ricardo, Panamanian leader
- 3638.
- Arias Navarro, Carlos, Spanish leader
- 2887, 2894, 2894, 2895.
- Arias Sanchez, Oscar, Costa Rican leader
- 3475, 3682, 3689, 3690.
- Aribert, archbishop of Milan
- 466.
- Arica
- 1663, 1670, 1670, 1718, 2246, 2254, 2255, 2259.
- Aricia
- 222.
- Arif, Abd al-Rahman, Iraqi leader
- 3881, 3882.
- Arif, Abd al-Salam, Iraqi leader
- 3881.
- Arima, lesser lord of western Japan
- 857.
- Arinna
- 112.
- Arinori, Mori, Japanese leader
- 1450.
- Arion, Dorian poet
- 176.
- Ariosto, Ludovico, Italian poet
- 607.
- Arista, Mariano, Mexican leader
- 1691.
- Aristagoras, tyrant of Miletus
- 187.
- Aristarchus, Alexandrian scholar
- 208, 208.
- Aristide, Jean-Bertrand, Haitian leader
- 3749, 3750, 3750, 3751, 3752, 3752, 3752, 3753, 3753, 3753, 3753, 3754, 3754, 3755.
- Aristides, the Just
- 189, 189, 190.
- Aristippus, Henry, scholar
- 471.
- Aristodemus of Cumae
- 190.
- Aristogeiton, assassin of Hipparchus
- 181.
- Aristomachus, tyrant of Argos
- 210.
- Aristonicus, pretender to the Pergamum throne
- 215.
- Aristophanes, Greek playwright
- 186.
- Aristophanes of Byzantium
- 208.
- Aristophon, Athenian leader
- 203.
- Aristotle, Greek philosopher
- 68, 186, 294, 296, 300, 319, 406, 450, 452, 471, 475, 479, 638, 638, 640, 815.
- Arita Hachir
 , Japanese leader
- 2518.
- Aritomo, Yamagata
- 1450, 1454, 1456.
- Arius, Christian dissenter
- 268.
- Ariyoshi Sawako, writer
- 4238.
- Arizona
- 1563, 1602, 1603, 1621, 2188; territory, 1594.
- Arjuna
- 129.
- Arkansas
- 9, 905, 921, 1585, 1588.
- Arkhangelsk, Archangel
- 2067, 2596.
- Ark of the Covenant
- 104, 104.
- Arktika, Soviet icebreaker at the North Pole
- 998.
- Arkwright, Richard, inventor
- 1034.
- Arles
- 266, 411, 541.
- Arlington, earl of, Henry Bennet, Cabal member
- 675.
- Arma
- 870.
- Armada
- See Spanish Armada.
- Armagh
- 425, 425.
- Armagnac
- 521.
- Armagnac, count of, Bernard VII
- 522.
- Armagnacs
- 522, 522, 522, 522.
- Armah, Ayi Kwei, writer
- 4320.
- armaments
- 643, 870, 985, 1714; firearms, 320; explosives, 375; Greek fire, 430; Japan, 576; naval, 1698, 1850, 2516, 2530, 2531; treaty on naval armaments, 1710, 1719; Germany, 1722; tanks, 1734, 1754, 1791, 1791, 1801, 1801, 1812; standardization of military weapons and equipment, 2588; germ or chemical weapons, 2666, 3885, 4197; landmines, 2693; nerve gas, 3420.
- Armat, Thomas, inventor
- 990.
- Armavir
- 116.
- Armed Forces Council
- 4266.
- Armed Forces Revolutionary Council, AFRC
- 4326.
- Armed Islamic Group
- 2883.
- Armed Neutrality, treaty of
- 769.
- Armenia
- 111, 116, 117, 118, 119, 119, 119, 214, 216, 216, 240, 242, 242, 243, 247, 248, 251, 253, 254, 255, 261, 272, 272, 272, 272, 272, 273, 273, 273, 273, 273, 273, 274, 275, 275, 275, 289, 291, 428, 428, 430, 431, 432, 433, 435, 436, 437, 438, 438, 499, 500, 502, 505, 564, 807, 812, 814, 965, 1120, 1258, 1337, 2067, 2076, 2322, 3297, 3303, 3304, 3306, 3308, 3308, 3309, 3310, 3310, 3312; WWI, 1749, 1753, 1780, 1788, 1788; Soviet Socialist Republic, 3296; Republic of Armenia, 3301, 3306, 3307; independence, 3301, 3306; first parliamentary elections, 3309.
- Armenia Major
- 216.
- Armenian Church
- 791.
- Armenians
- 2679, 3296, 3298; and Ottoman Empire, 965, 966, 967, 1108, 1120, 1335, 1342, 1343, 1344, 1346, 1346, 1348, 2319; and Turkey, 2333; and Lebanon, 2379.
- Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia
- 2679.
- Armentières, battle of
- 1738, 1812, 1812.
- Armfelt, K. G., Finnish commander
- 766.
- Arminium
- 231.
- Arminius, German tribal leader
- 244, 247.
- Armistice of Poischwitz
- 1030.
- Armorica
- 413.
- arms trade, abolition of
- 1541.
- Armstrong, Edwin H., inventor
- 1736.
- Armstrong, Neil, astronaut
- 2666, 3417.
- Army, Confederate
- 1587, 1587, 1588, 1588, 1589, 1589, 1590, 1590, 1590.
- Army, Union
- 1586, 1586, 1587, 1587, 1587, 1587, 1588, 1588, 1588, 1589, 1589, 1590, 1590.
- Army Appropriation Bill, U.S.
- 1611.
- Army Bill, Germany
- 1232, 1237, 1237.
- Army Comrades Association, Blue Shirts
- 1872.
- Army Law, Belgium
- 1172.
- Army of National Liberation, Costa Rica
- 3686.
- Army of the Potomac
- 1586, 1588, 1588.
- Arnhem
- 2619.
- Arnim, Hans Georg von, Boytzenburg
- 620, 620.
- Arnobius, Christian scholar
- 268.
- Arnold, duke
- 595.
- Arnold, Benedict, American commander
- 947, 948; treason of, 951.
- Arnold, Henry H., U.S. commander
- 2621.
- Arnold of Brescia, Italian leader
- 468, 468, 468.
- Arno River
- 222.
- Arnulf, bishop of Metz
- 407, 407.
- Arnulf, Holy Roman emperor
- 409, 415.
- Arnulfings
- 415.
- Arnuwandas I, Hittite king
- 113.
- Arnuwandas II, Hittite king
- 113.
- Arnuwandas III, Hittite king
- 113.
- Arosemena, Carlos, Ecuadorian leader
- 3567, 3567.
- Arosemena, Domingo Díaz, Panamanian leader
- 3637, 3638, 3638.
- Arosemena, Florencio Harmodio, Panamanian leader
- 2276.
- Arosemena, Juan, Panamanian leader
- 2276.
- Arosemena Gómez, Otto, Ecuadorian leader
- 3567.
- Arouet, François Marie
- See Voltaire, French writer.
- Arpad, Magyar leader
- 103, 106, 106, 491.
- Arpad dynasty
- 491, 491, 493, 560.
- Arques, battle of
- 599.
- Arras
- 404, 514, 1005, 1738, 1738, 1780, 1791; peace of, 523; battles of, 1755, 1801, 1812.
- Arrebo, Anders, Danish poet
- 768.
- Arrhenius, Svante A., scientist
- 1153.
- Arriaga, Antonio de, Spanish colonial administrator
- 913.
- Arriaga, Manuel José de, Portuguese leader
- 913, 1208, 1934, 1934.
- Arron, Henk, Surinamese leader
- 3630, 3631, 3631, 3633.
- Arrow Cross
- See National Socialist Party (Arrow Cross), Hungary.
- Arsaces
- 216.
- Arsaces I, king of Parthia
- 213, 216.
- Arsaces II, king of Parthia
- 216.
- Arsaces III Priapatius, king of Parthia
- 214, 216.
- Arsaces IV
- See Phraates I, king of Parthia.
- Arsacids
- 256, 271, 272, 272.
- Arses, son of Artaxerxes III
- 124.
- Arshit-vega
- See Astyages, king of Media.
- Arsiero, taken by Austrians
- 1804.
- Arsinoe II, sister and wife of Ptolemy II Philadelphus
- 218.
- Arslan, Shakib, Syrian leader
- 3838.
- art
- 87, 91, 130, 131, 156, 158, 186, 223, 229, 239, 246, 1046, 1921, 2068; prehistoric, 25, 39, 57; Olmecs, 54, 54; ancient Greece, 176; China, 370, 373, 373, 375; Korea, 382; Japan, 391, 1437, 1471; Byzantium, 438; England, 446, 513; France, 524, 597, 1905; Spain, 525; Florence, 536; Venice, 539; Russia, 559; 1500–1800, 584; Low Countries, 596, 596; French Renaissance, 600; Spain in the 16th and 17th centuries, 604; Italy in the 15th and 16th centuries, 607; Germany 1500–1800, 616; 17th and 18th centuries, 646; Italy in the 17th and 18th centuries, 735, 735; Ottoman Empire, 807; Iran in the 16th century, 812, 813; India 1500–1800, 834; China 1500–1800, 851, 854; Korea 1500–1800, 856; Japan 1500–1800, 857, 859, 861; Americas, 912; 1800–1914, 1146; Denmark, 1252; Africa, 1517, 4320; U.S., 1577; Canada, 1623; modern, 1816; surrealism, 1905; pop art, 2702. See culture.
- Artabanus I, king of Parthia
- 216, 247.
- Artabanus V, king of Parthia
- 256, 272.
- Artabazus, Persian general
- 189.
- Artadama I, king of Mitanni
- 86.
- Artadama II, king of Mitanni
- 86, 113.
- Artaphernes, Persian general
- 188.
- Artashatr
- See Ardashir I, king of Persia.
- Artavasdes, king of Armenia Major
- 216.
- Artavasdos, brother-in-law of Constantine V
- 432.
- Artaxata
- 248, 254.
- Artaxerxes I, Longimanus
- 105, 124, 190.
- Artaxerxes II, Mnemob
- 95, 124, 199.
- Artaxerxes III, Ochus
- 95, 109, 115, 124.
- Artaxias, satrap of Armenia Major
- 214.
- Arteveldt, Jan van, Flemish leader
- 512, 520.
- Artha-sastra
- 130.
- Arthur, nephew of John Lackland
- 445, 445.
- Arthur, son of Henry VII
- 585, 585.
- Arthur, Chester A., U.S. president
- 1600.
- Arthur, George, British colonial administrator
- 1488.
- Arthur, Owen, Barbadian leader
- 3765, 3767.
- Arthur of Brittany
- 450.
- Article 231, Treaty of Versailles
- 1784.
- Articles of Baden
- 1070.
- Articles of Confederation, U.S.
- 949, 952.
- artifacts
- 8, 11, 11, 11, 11, 13.
- Artigas, José Gervasio, Latin American leader
- 1644, 1644, 1646, 1647, 1647, 1647, 1647, 1647.
- Artios
- 648.
- Artisans' Conference, Frankfurt
- 1097.
- Artois
- 450, 521, 524, 595, 595, 604, 614, 1789; battles of, 1738, 1738, 1791, 1791.
- Aruj, corsair
- 826, 826.
- Arunachal Pradesh
- 3976, 3980.
- Arundel, 3rd baron, Henry, in Popish Plot
- 676.
- Arundel, earl of, Philip Howard, suspected conspirator
- 588.
- Arundel, Thomas, archbishop of Canterbury
- 514.
- Arusha, Tanzania
- 4413, 4414, 4423.
- Arusha Declaration
- 4426.
- Arvad
- 103, 107, 109, 109.
- Aryabhata, Indian scientist
- 131.
- Aryans
- 48, 66, 67, 67, 68, 86, 123, 123, 129, 129, 129, 129, 129, 133, 326.
- Arya Samaj, Hindu reform movement
- 1397, 2437, 2438.
- Arya Sura, Sanskrit author
- 131.
- Aryavarta
- 130.
- Arzawa
- 111, 113, 113, 113, 113.
- Asa, king of Judah
- 105.
- Asahara Shk, cult leader
- 4248.
- Asante
- 873, 873, 873, 876, 876, 876, 877, 1506, 1513, 1513, 1514, 1514, 1514, 1516, 1516, 1516, 1516, 1516, 1517, 1517, 1517, 1517, 1519, 1520.
- Asatiani, Akaky, Georgian leader
- 3326.
- Ascanians
- 459.
- ascetics
- 829.
- Ascham, Roger, English writer
- 594.
- Asen, Ivan, ruler of Bulgaria
- 496, 496, 496, 496, 496, 503, 503.
- Asen, John I
- 509, 510.
- Asen, John II, tsar of Bulgaria
- 495, 496, 497, 497, 497, 497, 497, 497, 497, 509, 509.
- Asen, Michael, ruler of Bulgaria
- 497, 497, 497, 510.
- Asen, Peter, ruler of Bulgaria
- 496, 496, 496, 496, 503.
- Asen dynasty
- 496, 504.
- Asgeirson, Asgeir, Icelandic leader
- 3085.
- Ashante
- 579.
- Ashburton Treaty
- 1628.
- Ashdod
- 87, 103.
- Asherah
- 101.
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