| |
| 139–129 |
| |
| Antiochus VII Euergetes Eusebes Soter Sidetes (“benefactor, pious, savior”) did much to restore the Seleucid power. However, after several victories over Phraates II of Parthia, he was finally crushed and killed at Ecbatana (129). | 1 |
| |
| 138–133 |
| |
| Attalus III Philometor (“loving his mother”) of Pergamum, a son of Eumenes II, succeeded his uncle, Attalus II. In his will, he bequeathed his kingdom to Rome. Rome suppressed the pretender Aristonicus and made the kingdom of Pergamum into the province of Asia (129). (See 129) | 2 |
| |
| 129–125 |
| |
| Demetrius II was sent back to Syria by Phraates II in 129 and was slain in 125 by a pretender. | 3 |
| |
| 125–96 |
| |
| Antiochus VIII Epiphanes Philometor Callinicus “Grypus” (“hook-nosed”), a younger son of Demetrius II, reigned with Cleopatra until her death (c. 120). The pretender, Alexander Zabinas, was killed in 123. In 117 Antiochus was forced into retirement by a half-brother, Antiochus IX Philopater, “Cyzicenus” (“of Cyzicus”), son of Cleopatra and Antiochus VII. They divided the realm in 111 and both reigned until Antiochus VIII was murdered in 96 by his favorite, Heracleon. | 4 |
| |
| 95–64 |
| |
| Seleucus VI, son of Antiochus VIII, defeated and killed Antiochus IX (95). The son of the latter, Antiochus X, defeated and killed Seleucus VI, but the latter's brother, Demetrius III, seized Damascus. Another son of Antiochus VIII, Antiochus XI, was defeated and killed, but his brother, Philip I, continued the war with Antiochus X. The latter was killed in 93 fighting the Parthians in Commagene. Demetrius III and Philip I engaged in civil war until Demetrius was captured by the Parthians in 88. Antiochus XII, another son of Antiochus VIII, seized Damascus, which he held until he was killed on an expedition against the Nabataeans in 84. An insurrection expelled Philip I from Antioch, and Tigranes of Armenia seized Syria and held it until he was defeated by Lucullus in 69. Antiochus XIII, son of Antiochus X, was installed at Antioch (68) and soon had to fight with Philip II, son of Philip I. The Arabian prince of Emesa slew Antiochus XIII by treachery in 67; Philip was unable to secure his rule. In 64 Pompey made Syria a Roman province (See 66–63). | 5 |
| |
| 63 |
| |
| In 63 Pompey captured Jerusalem and ended the rivalry over the Hasmonean kingship by making Hyrcanus high priest and ethnarch. His descendants retained these offices until 37, when Rome appointed Herod (the Great) as king of Judaea. (See 66–63) | 6 |
| |
| |
