| |
| c. The Swedish Period, 1630–35 |
| 1630, July |
| |
| GUSTAVUS II ADOLPHUS (1594–1632), king of Sweden, landed on the coast of Pomerania. | 1 |
| Object and grounds of his interference: protection of the oppressed Protestants; restoration of the dukes of Mecklenburg, his relatives; rejection of his mediation at the Treaty of Lübeck; anxiety in regard to the maritime plans of the emperor. | 2 |
| Political position of Sweden: Finland, Ingermannland, Estonia, Livonia belonged to the kingdom of Gustavus; Courland was under Swedish influence; the acquisition of Prussia and Pomerania would have made the Baltic almost a Swedish sea. Gustavus concluded a subsidy treaty with France (Richelieu); drove the imperial forces from Pomerania and captured Frankfurt-on-the-Oder. | 3 |
| |
| 1631, May 20 |
| |
| Capture of Magdeburg by Tilly. The storm was conducted by Count Gottfried Pappenheim. Terrible massacre and sack of the city by the unbridled soldiers of Tilly, who did what he could to check the outrages. Leipzig occupied by Tilly. The imperial army and that of the Swedes and Saxons, each about 40,000 strong, were face to face. | 4 |
| |
| 1631, Sept. 17 |
| |
| BATTLE OF LEIPZIG or BREITENFELD. The Saxons were at first put to rout by Tilly, but after a bloody fight Gustavus Adolphus won a brilliant victory. | 5 |
| The Saxons entered Bohemia. Gustavus crossed Thuringia and Franconia to the Rhine and occupied Mainz. | 6 |
| At the urgent request of Ferdinand, Wallenstein collected an army, over which he received unrestricted command. He recaptured Prague and drove the Saxons from Bohemia. Their eagerness for the war and the Swedish alliance was already chilled. | 7 |
| |
| 1632 |
| |
| Gustavus met Tilly at Rain, confluence of the Lenz and Danube rivers: Tilly mortally wounded. | 8 |
| |
| 1632, Nov. 16 |
| |
| BATTLE OF LÜTZEN. Death of Gustavus Adolphus. Pappenheim, recalled in haste, took part in the battle with his cavalry, after three o'clock; he was mortally wounded. The victory of the Swedes was completed by Bernhard von Saxe-Weimar. | 9 |
| Bernhard, Gustavus Horn, and Johann Baner took command of the Swedish forces. The conduct of foreign affairs was assumed by the Swedish chancellor, Axel Oxenstierna (1583–1654). League of Heilbronn between the circles of Swabia, Franconia, Upper and Lower Rhine, on the one part, and Sweden on the other. | 10 |
| |
| 1633, Feb |
| |
| After Wallenstein had tried and punished with death many of his officers in Prague and had filled their places with new recruits, he marched to Silesia; fought with the Saxon, Brandenburg, and Swedish troops; and negotiated frequently with Arnim. Negotiations with Oxenstierna. | 11 |
| |
| Nov |
| |
| Regensburg captured by Bernhard von Saxe-Weimar. Wallenstein found himself unable to go to the assistance of the elector of Bavaria, as the emperor urged, and went into winter quarters in Bohemia. | 12 |
| Growing estrangement between Wallenstein and the imperial court. The Spanish party and the league wished him removed from his command. Wallenstein conducted secret negotiations with the Saxons, the Swedes, the French. He intended to create, with the help of the army, an independent position for himself, whence he could, with the aid of the two north German electors, liberate the emperor from the control of the Spanish party, and, if necessary, compel him to make peace and reorganize the internal affairs of the empire. | 13 |
| |
| Feb. 18 |
| |
| Proclamation formally deposing Wallenstein. On Feb. 24 Wallenstein went to Eger, where he was to be met by Bernhard von Saxe-Weimar and Arnim. | 14 |
| |
| Feb. 25 |
| |
| The assassination of Wallenstein by Captain Devereux occurred in Eger at the instigation of the Irish general Butler after his intimate friends had been treacherously massacred. The emperor had not commanded the murder, nor had he definitely desired it; but he had given rein to the party who he knew wished “to bring in Wallenstein, alive or dead,” and, after the deed was done, he rewarded the murderers with honor and riches. | 15 |
| |
| |
