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| 1076–1147 |
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| Anantavarman Codaganga extended his authority from the Ganges to the Godavari, and built at Puri (south of Cuttack) the temple of Jagannath (Vishnu) which, at first open to all Hindu castes, is now barred to 15. The great Sun temple, in form of a solar car, known as the Black Pagoda, at Konarak, may be earlier than its attribution to Ganga Narasimha (1238–64). | 1 |
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| 1111–41 |
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| Bittideva, independent, fought successfully against Chola, Pandya, and Chera. As viceroy before accession, he was converted from Jainism to Vishnu by Ramanuja, at that time a refugee from Saiva persecution by the Cholas. He began construction at Belur and Halebid of temples in a distinctively ornate Hoysala style, especially featuring a high, richly carved plinth of stellate plan. | 2 |
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| c. 1150–1323 |
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| The Kakatiyas reigned in the east at Kakati or Warangal between the Godavari and the Kistna. They held an important kingdom under Ganapati (1197–1259) and his daughter (1259–88), whom Marco Polo knew. | 3 |
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| c. 1156–83 |
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| A revolt against the Chalukya ruler Taila III (known dates 1150–55) led to usurpation by a general who was soon assassinated by Basava, who was in turn compelled to commit suicide. Basava created and organized the Lingayat sect of fanatic, anti-Brahman worshipers of Siva under a phallic emblem. The movement at the outset appeared in the form of a religious and social (equalitarian) war. | 4 |
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| 1183 |
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| Taila's son Somesvara IV regained Kalyani, but was unable to resist the Hoysalas (last date 1189). | 5 |
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| 1292–1342 |
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| The Hoysala ruler Viraballala III inherited an empire comprising most of southern India. | 6 |
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| 1327 |
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| After the sack of Halebid by Mohammed Tughluk, Viraballala moved his capital to Tiruvannamalai (South Arcot). | 7 |
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| c. 1335–1565 |
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| Vijayanagar (present Hampi), founded by two brothers from the region of Warangal, fought steadily against the neighboring states of sultans north of Kistna and Tungabhadra. Vijayanagar became an important center for Brahman studies and for Dravidian nationalism and art. Madhava wrote at Sringeri (c. 1380) the Sarva darsana samgraha, which remains the classic summary of the various Brahman philosophical points of view. | 8 |
| A practice encouraged by the Vijayanagara Empire, and continued under the Nayaka kingdoms that succeeded it (See By 1500), opened up temple patronage to a variety of actors not included within the twice-born castes previously privileged by normative texts. In particular, Shudras (from whose ranks came the Nayaka kings), merchants, and women began to endow temples and to present gifts (often not of land but of animals and other commodities easier to purchase) that conveyed the greater freedom and wealth to which they gained access in these periods. | 9 |
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| 1498 |
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| Vasco da Gama, having rounded the Cape of Good Hope, reached Malabar. The Portuguese, after constructing forts at Cochin (1506) and Socotra (1507), soon diverted the spice trade from the Red Sea route. (See India, 1500–1800) | 10 |
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