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| 1914, April 21–1921 |
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| Relations with Mexico (See 1913–14). Wilson's refusal to recognize the Huerta regime in Mexico led to the seizure of the port of Veracruz by American marines (April 21, 1914). In Oct. 1915 an inter-American conference decided to recognize Carranza, which prompted Pancho Villa to raid Columbus, N.M. (March 1916). U.S. expedition against Villa was commanded by Gen. John J. Pershing (1916). | 1 |
| Article 27 of the Mexican constitution of 1917 led to American businesses' demand for intervention, which Wilson successfully resisted. | 2 |
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| 1914, Aug. 15 |
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| Panama Canal formally opened (See 1914, Aug. 15). | 3 |
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| Sept. 26 |
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| Federal Trade Commission Act abolished the Bureau of Corporations (1903) and established a five-member bipartisan commission, with investigative and regulatory powers in regard to business and corporate practices. | 4 |
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| Oct. 15 |
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| Clayton Anti-Trust Act, an amendment of the Sherman Act (1890), prohibited price discrimination, exclusive selling or leasing contracts, intercorporate stockholdings, and interlocking directorates in large corporations. It sought to restrict the use of the injunction in labor difficulties and exempted labor, agricultural, and horticultural organizations from the operation of the antitrust laws. | 5 |
| Arizona adopted an old-age pension system, which the state supreme court declared unconstitutional. In the 1920s, however, many states would enact such laws. | 6 |
| Dissatisfied with the slow pace of change in the political status of women, Alice Paul (1885–1977), a young Quaker woman, spearheaded the formation of the Congressional Union (later the National Woman's Party) and escalated the struggle for equal rights for women. At a mass meeting in New York City, women called themselves feminists and proclaimed their determination to break from the “separate sphere” into the “human race.” (See The United States) | 7 |
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