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| 1975 |
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| Separatist movements. A number of countries saw the rise of important regional and ethnic separatist movements. In CYPRUS, Turkish Cypriots declared the northern part of the island to be a separate state (Feb.). Although the new state received no international recognition, it was supported by the Turkish Army, which controlled the area. In ETHIOPIA, the movement for the liberation of Eritrea continued, despite the change of regimes, and fighting intensified in some areas. In ANGOLA, rival liberation movements representing regional-ethnic groups fought each other as Portugal sought to grant independence to the country. | 1 |
| ARAB-ISRAELI NEGOTIATIONS. As a result of the first Egyptian-Israeli disengagement agreement, the Suez Canal was reopened for shipping (June). A second disengagement agreement was signed by Egypt and Israel, expanding the area of Sinai from which Israeli forces withdrew. | 2 |
| End of the Portuguese empire was virtually complete as independence was gained by Mozambique (June), São Tomé and Principe (July), the Cape Verde Islands (July), and Angola (Nov.). | 3 |
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| Aug |
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| CONFERENCE ON SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE adopted a charter that was signed in Helsinki by the leaders of 33 European states, the United States, and Canada. It represented formal acceptance of the territorial changes at the end of World War II, and all signatories agreed to support human rights in their countries. | 4 |
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| Nov |
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| Meeting of the Assembly of the World Council of Churches in Nairobi, Kenya. The Assembly took strong positions on racism and sex discrimination, and elected two women, a Ghanaian jurist and a U.S. psychologist, to the six-member presidium. | 5 |
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