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| 227 |
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| Sicily (excluding Hiero's Syracusan kingdom in the east), and Sardinia and Corsica together, became Rome's first two provinces, administered by two new praetors. | 1 |
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| 226 |
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| Rome struck a treaty with Carthage, making the Ebro River the northern extent of Carthaginian dominion in Spain. | 2 |
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| 225–222 |
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| A large Gallic army moved from the Po Valley into Etruria. The Romans destroyed it at Telamon, then proceeded to expel the Gauls from the Po Valley. | 3 |
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| 220 |
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| Two colonies, Cremona and Placentia, were founded in the Po Valley, and the Via Flaminia was built from Rome to Arminium. | 4 |
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| 219 |
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| The Second Illyrian War. Rome defeated Demetrius of Pharos and Queen Teuta's successor, Scerdilaidas. | 5 |
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| 218 |
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| A plebiscitum Claudianum forbade senators and their sons to own a ship of more than 300 amphoras. | 6 |
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| 218–201 |
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| The SECOND PUNIC WAR arose from Rome's jealousy of Carthaginian expansion in Spain. Some time either before or after the Ebro Treaty (226), Rome had made an alliance with Saguntum, one hundred miles south of the Ebro. Hannibal, the twenty-five-year-old son of Hamilcar who assumed command in 221, refused to be bullied by Roman threats and sacked Saguntum in 219. Rome declared war the next year. | 7 |
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| 218 |
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| Hannibal marched his army through southern France, across the Alps, and into the Po Valley. The consul P. Cornelius Scipio was defeated by Hannibal at the Ticinus, a branch of the Po River. Hannibal then defeated the other consul at the Battle of the Trebia. The Gauls of the Po Valley rallied to Hannibal. | 8 |
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| 217 |
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| Hannibal crossed the Apennines and ambushed and annihilated the army of the consul C. Flaminius at Lake Trasimene. | 9 |
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| 216 |
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| The consuls L. Aemilius Paullus and C. Terentius Varro lost an army of 86,000 to Hannibal at Cannae, in Apulia. Capua deserted to Hannibal, along with the Samnites, Lucanians, and other peoples of southern Italy. The Romans refused Hannibal's terms and sent out an army under M. Claudius Marcellus. Carthage made alliances with Philip V of Macedon and Hieronymus, grandson of Hiero of Syracuse, who had died in 217. Hannibal wintered at Capua. | 10 |
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| 215 |
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| Marcellus defeated Hannibal at Nola and forced him into Apulia. | 11 |
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| 218–211 |
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| Publius Scipio had rejoined his brother Gnaeus in Spain. They kept Hasdrubal (Hannibal's brother) busy and stirred up Syphax, king of western Numidia, against Carthage. | 12 |
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