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| 359 |
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| Philip II (359–336) became king of Macedonia. | 1 |
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| 358 |
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| The Athenians, involved in fighting the Odrysae in Thrace, made peace with the Macedonians. Macedonia gave up its claim to Amphipolis, and Athens promised to turn over Pydna. Philip thoroughly reorganized the Macedonian army, placing more importance on the phalanx of infantry. | 2 |
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| 357 |
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| Dion took over Syracuse by force and established himself as tyrant. | 3 |
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| 357 |
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| Angered by Athens' increasingly domineering attitude toward its league, Chios, Rhodes, and Cos overthrew their democratic governments and together with Byzantium revolted against Athens, beginning the Social War (“War of the Allies,” 357–353). In midsummer the Athenian fleet was decisively defeated and Chabrias, its commander, killed. The Athenians, under Chares, withdrew to the Hellespont and began operations against Byzantium. | 4 |
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| 357 |
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| Philip of Macedon captured Amphipolis but, instead of turning it over to Athens, granted it independence. Over the winter, he also conquered and kept Pydna. Making a treaty with Olynthus against Athens, Philip also took the city of Crenides from the Odrysae and renamed it Philippi. | 5 |
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| 356 |
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| The revolting allies ravaged Lemnos and Imbros, which had remained loyal to Athens, and then laid siege to Samos, which was defended by cleruchs. The Athenian fleet under Chares was decisively defeated in the Battle of Embata. Persia ordered Athens to leave Asia Minor, threatening war. | 6 |
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| 356 |
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| The Amphictyonic Council, at the instigation of Thebes, fined the Phocians for tilling land sacred to Apollo. Phocis refused to pay the fine despite a threat by the Amphictyons to declare war. | 7 |
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| 355 |
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| Caving in to Persian pressure, Athens withdrew from Asia Minor and recognized the independence of its allies there. The war party of Chares and Aristophon was replaced at Athens by a peace party under Eubulus. All financial surpluses were put in the theoric fund to be used for the public's entertainment. | 8 |
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| 355 |
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| Led by Philomelus, the Phocians seized Delphi, initiating the Third Sacred War (355–346) and made alliances with Athens and Sparta. When the Amphictyons declared war, Phocis used the sacred money of Delphi to recruit a large mercenary army. | 9 |
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| 354 |
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| The Phocian mercenary army was defeated by the Boeotians at the Battle of Neon, and Philomelus was killed. Onomarchus succeeded him as the leader of Phocis. | 10 |
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| 354–347 |
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| Dion of Syracuse was assassinated, and two other sons of Dionysius I successively seized power but were unable to stabilize a deteriorating political situation in Sicily (See Sicily). | 11 |
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| 353 |
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| The Phocians, led by Onomarchus, seized Thermopylae and Orchomenos and twice defeated Philip of Macedon. Mausolus of Caria annexed Rhodes and Cos. | 12 |
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