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| 1837–48 |
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| Extensive researches of Antoine T. d'Abbadie in Ethiopia. | 1 |
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| 1840–43 |
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| Charles T. Beke mapped much of Ethiopia. | 2 |
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| 1848 |
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| Ladislus Magyan explored the Congo River. | 3 |
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| 1849 |
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| DAVID LIVINGSTONE crossed the Kalahari Desert and advanced to Lake Ngami, returning (1850) to the upper Zambezi. | 4 |
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| 1849–55 |
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| Heinrich Barth and Adolf Overweg crossed from Tripoli to the Niger and Lake Chad, thoroughly studying the country for the first time. Barth made extensive observations of the Central Sudan. | 5 |
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| 1853–56 |
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| Livingstone crossed the continent from the Zambezi to Loanda and returned, discovering the Victoria Falls. | 6 |
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| 1850–65 |
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| Paul du Chaillu explored Gabon. | 7 |
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| 1857–58 |
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| Richard Burton and John Speke discovered Lake Tanganyika and Victoria Nyanza, Speke concluding that Victoria Nyanza was the source of the White Nile. | 8 |
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| 1858–61 |
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| Third Expedition of Livingstone, from the Zambezi to the interior. He discovered Lake Nyasa (1859). | 9 |
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| 1861–63 |
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| Speke and James Grant passed through Uganda, reached the Nile, and descended it to Gondokoro, where they met Sir Samuel Baker (1863), who had ascended the river to that point. | 10 |
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| 1864 |
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| Baker, continuing up the Nile, discovered Albert Nyanza and visited the kingdom of Bunyoro, whence he returned to Gondokoro. | 11 |
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| 1865–67 |
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| Extensive exploration of the Benuë-Niger region by Gustav Rohlfs. | 12 |
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