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| 1619 |
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| Batavia became the headquarters of the Dutch East India Company, which worked trade to the limit. | 1 |
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| 1620s–50s |
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| No further shipments of Southeast Asian pepper and spice were permitted along the old Muslim route to the Red Sea, owing to increasing dominance of European traders. Dutch blockade excluded Gujarati ships from Aceh for several years in 1650s, and this led to collapse of direct Acehnese shipping by the 1690s. (Disruption of shipping routes also led to much more difficult pilgrimage routing for Muslims going from Southeast Asia to main pilgrimage sites in Middle East.) | 2 |
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| 1623 |
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| Massacre of the English by the Dutch at Amboina. The English forced to abandon trade in Siam, Japan, and the East Indies. | 3 |
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| 1639 |
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| Expulsion of the Portuguese from Japan. | 4 |
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| 1641 |
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| Capture of Malacca by the Dutch, who thenceforth dominated the East Indies. | 5 |
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| 1650s |
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| Possible at this point to identify a community of Muslim scholars, working to translate Islamic concepts into vernacular texts. Within 50 years Islamic writing in Malay reached its greatest heights in the work of Hamzah Fansuri, Syamsu'd-din as-Samatrani, Nuru'd-din ar-Raniri, and Abdur-rauf as-Singkili. Javanese Islamic texts date from the same period. | 6 |
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| 1666 |
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| The Dutch took Celebes from the Portuguese. | 7 |
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| 1670s |
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| Internal contestation in Sumatra, especially around control of trade asserted by Jambi over upstream pepper cultivators in the interior. Complete rupture prevented by prestige of Jambi's ruler, the Pangeran (r. 1630–79). | 8 |
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| 1677 |
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| Conflicts erupted between Jambi and Johor as well as Pelambang, in the process fully rupturing the fragile connections between upriver and downriver economic alliances in Jambi. | 9 |
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| 1685 |
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| The British set up a factory at Bengkulen (Sumatra). | 10 |
| During the 18th century the Dutch continued to hold the upper hand. Growing ruthlessness and corruption of the company. In order to control the trade, the company had to widen its control over northern Java. | 11 |
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| 1769 |
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| The British East India Company opened stations in northern Borneo, but the settlements (especially Balambangan, 1773) had to be given up under pressure from the natives (1775). | 12 |
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| 1781 |
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| The British conquered all the Dutch settlements on the west coast of Sumatra, Holland having joined the armed neutrality against Britain. | 13 |
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