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| 443 |
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| Nervous over Syracusan power, Rhegium, Leontini, and perhaps Catana and Naxos made alliances with Athens. At the same time, Athens founded a colony at Thurii, upriver from the former Sybaris, using colonists from all over Greece. | 1 |
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| 441–439 |
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| Miletus, involved in a war with Samos, appealed to the Athenians, who replaced the Samian oligarchy with a democracy by force. Samos revolted (440) and threw out the democracy, but after a long siege, the Athenians took the city (439). Athens razed the city's walls and confiscated its fleet. Chios and Lesbos were now the only allies in the Delian League who contributed ships instead of money. | 2 |
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| 440–439 |
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| Ducetius, who had returned to Sicily in 446, restored the Sicel federation, but died soon after. Syracuse forcibly broke up the federation and destroyed its capital Palice. | 3 |
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| 437 |
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| A policy of Athenian expansion to the north was begun with the foundation of Amphipolis in Thrace, which controlled the mines at Mt. Pangaeus. | 4 |
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| c. 437 |
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| Pericles took an expedition into the Euxine and established good relations with the rulers of Panticapaeum, who exported grain to Athens. Athenian settlers were sent to various Pontic cities. In the Corinthian Gulf, the Athenian strategos Phormio made an alliance with some of the Acarnanians. | 5 |
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