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| 1889–91 |
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| Abd al-Rahman ibn Faysal ruled as Saudi emir. | 1 |
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| 1890–1904 |
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| Muhammad ibn Yahya Hamid al-Din ruled as imam of Yemen. | 2 |
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| 1891, March 19 |
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| A commercial treaty between Muscat and Britain replaced the earlier agreement of 1839 and amplified the extraterritorial privileges of British and Indian nationals. Accompanying the agreement was a secret nonalienation bond that curtailed Muscat's external sovereignty. | 3 |
| END OF THE SECOND SAUDI STATE, after its forces were defeated by Muhammad Ibn Rashid of Jabal Shammar. The Saudi family fled to the coast. | 4 |
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| 1891–92 |
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| A large-scale uprising against the Ottomans in Yemen was suppressed with difficulty. | 5 |
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| 1892, March 13 |
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| Exclusive agreement between the sheik of Bahrain and Britain, in which the sheik reaffirmed in more explicit terms his original surrender of external sovereignty in 1880. The sheikdoms of the Trucial Coast entered into similar agreements with Britain. | 6 |
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| 1892–96 |
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| Muhammad ibn Abdallah ruled as emir of Kuwait. | 7 |
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| 1896–1915 |
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| Mubarak ibn Abdallah ruled as emir of Kuwait, after assassinating the emir, his half-brother Muhammad. He worked to regain Kuwaiti independence from the Ottomans. | 8 |
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| 1899, Jan. 23 |
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| The Kuwaiti emir obtained a secret commitment from Britain to protect his dynasty's rule in return for a surrender of his external sovereignty to Britain. With British backing he resisted subsequent Ottoman attempts to reassert authority over Kuwait. | 9 |
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| 1902 |
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| BEGINNING OF THE THIRD SAUDI STATE. Abd al-Aziz ibn Sa’ud returned from exile in Kuwait, captured Riyadh from the Rashidis, and acknowledged his loyalty to the Ottomans. He ruled until 1953 and laid the foundations of the modern kingdom of Saudi Arabia. | 10 |
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| 1902–4 |
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| Ibn Sa’ud captured more territories from the Rashidis, regaining the whole of southern and central Najd, and assuming the title of emir of Najd. | 11 |
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| 1904 |
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| The Saudis defeated an Ottoman force sent against them. | 12 |
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| 1904–48 |
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| Yahya ruled as imam of Yemen. He regained Yemeni independence and maintained an authoritarian and conservative regime that shunned foreign influences and restricted modernization. | 13 |
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