| |
| 1700–1721 |
| |
| Clement XI (Gian Francesco Albani), who attempted to maintain neutrality in the Bourbon-Habsburg struggle. The Austrians therefore ignored papal claims. During the war they occupied Parma and Piacenza, marched through the Papal States, and conquered Naples. In 1709 the pope was obliged to recognize Charles as king of Spain. But Clement's pontificate was noteworthy chiefly for the renewed condemnation of Jansenism, which had made extraordinary progress in France (See 1669). | 1 |
| |
| 1713, Sept. 8 |
| |
| The bull Unigenitus again condemned Jansenism, causing religious discontent in France, where the movement had made great progress. | 2 |
| |
| 1721–24 |
| |
| Innocent XIII (Michelangelo dei Conti). | 3 |
| |
| 1724–30 |
| |
| Benedict XIII (Pietro Francesco Orsini). | 4 |
| |
| 1730–40 |
| |
| Clement XII (Lorenzo Corsini). | 5 |
| |
| 1740–58 |
| |
| Benedict XIV (Prospero Lambertini). He was much influenced by the Enlightenment in Europe and encouraged agriculture and trade. He sought a compromise with the absolute rulers, whose efforts to establish national churches had weakened the papacy. Conclusion of concordats with Naples (1741) and Spain (1753) were important steps in this direction, though they cost the papacy far-reaching concessions. | 6 |
| |
| 1758–69 |
| |
| Clement XIII (Carlo Rezzonico), a pope elected through the efforts of the Jesuits. The Jesuits had become unpopular as a result of Jansenist attacks and because of their interference in politics, their engagement in commercial and industrial enterprise, and so on. | 7 |
| |
| 1769–74 |
| |
| Clement XIV (Lorenzo Gaganelli) was unable to resist the pressure of the Bourbon governments. The Society of Jesus was ordered dissolved (1773). | 8 |
| |
| 1775–99 |
| |
| Pius VI tried to deter Emperor Joseph II from his anticlerical policy (See 1780) but was soon confronted with the radical anticlericalism of the French Revolution. The French armies invaded papal territory (1796) and, after a short truce, intervened in Rome to set up the revolutionary Roman Republic (1798). The pope was taken off to southern France (Valence), where he died in the next year. (See The Italian States) | 9 |
| |
| |
