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| f. Italy and the Papacy |
| 1. The Unification of Italy |
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(See Aug. 28) |
| THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY 1860-70 (MAP) |
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| 1848, March 4 |
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| King Victor Emmanuel published the new Piedmontese constitution, which provided for a Senate of life members appointed by the king, a Chamber of Deputies elected by limited, direct male suffrage (leaving power in the hands of the nobility and middle class), and a responsible ministry. | 1 |
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| 1850, March |
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| On the advice of Count Camillo Benso di Cavour, a leading liberal and founder with Cesare Balbo of the periodical Il Risorgimento, Piedmontese premier Massimo d'Azeglio appointed Giuseppe Siccardi as keeper of the seals. Under Siccardi, laws abolished ecclesiastical courts, eliminated the right of asylum, limited the number of holidays, and restricted religious bodies' right to acquire real property. | 2 |
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| April 12 |
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| Pope Pius IX returned to Rome after his exile during the revolutions of 1848. Pius chose to strengthen both the Catholic Church and papal control of it rather than accept opportunities for nationalist leadership. | 3 |
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