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| 1912, Oct. 18 |
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| Outbreak of the FIRST BALKAN WAR (See Oct. 18), followed by Treaty of London (May 30, 1913), which brought an end to the First Balkan War; the Ottomans ceded all territory west of a line between Enos and Midia and abandoned all claim to Crete. The victorious allies were obliged by an ultimatum from Britain to accept the settlement agreed to by the great powers. This was followed by the Second Balkan War, which resulted in a series of bilaterial settlements (See June 29–July 30). | 1 |
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| 1913, Nov.–Dec |
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| The Liman von Sanders incident. Liman had been appointed by the Ottoman government to reorganize the army. He was to have far-reaching powers. The Russians protested the extensive authority of the German mission and received French support. The Germans accepted a change in Liman's command, but the incident increased Russian suspicions of German designs in the Ottoman Empire. | 2 |
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| 1914, June 28 |
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| ASSASSINATION OF THE ARCHDUKE FRANCIS FERDINAND at Sarajevo set in motion the events that led to the outbreak of World War I (See June 28). (See Global and Comparative Dimensions) | 3 |
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