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| 1907, June 15–Oct. 18 |
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| SECOND HAGUE PEACE CONFERENCE, called at the suggestion of U.S. president Theodore Roosevelt. Limitations on armaments again could not be concluded (Germany feared British efforts to limit its fleet), and Germany also resisted proposals for compulsory arbitration of disputes. But the conference enlarged the machinery for voluntary arbitration and concluded conventions regulating action to collect debts, rules of war, and rights and obligations of neutrals. | 1 |
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| Aug. 31 |
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| THE ANGLO-RUSSIAN ENTENTE dealt with a variety of colonial areas (See Aug. 31). | 2 |
| Persian Revolution and Counterrevolution (1905–9) (See 1905–11). Commercial classes, modern educated Persians, and religious leaders joined in protest against incompetent monarchs and growing foreign intervention in internal affairs. In July 1906, several thousand revolutionaries took sanctuary, or the Great Bast, in the British legation in Tehran. The shah agreed to convoke a national assembly. In Oct. 1906, this assembly met and drew up a liberal constitution, which was signed by the shah. The Anglo-Russian Entente (1907) ignored the new constitution, and in 1908, the Russians supported a successful coup d'état by the shah, which shut down the assembly and established martial law. | 3 |
| Constitutionalist resistance continued in Tabriz, but in March 1909 a Russian force occupied the city on behalf of the shah. By June 1909, the Bakhtiari tribe sided with the constitutional regime, and its armed forces captured Tehran and deposed the shah. Russian support for the conservative monarch had failed. | 4 |
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