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| b. Albania |
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| The rise of Albanian nationalism began with the Rilindja, or Renaissance, in the mid-19th century. Before this, Albania was a region split by religion, with important Catholic, Muslim, and Orthodox populations. Even as a national identity emerged, the nation remained divided, economically backward, and vulnerable to its stronger neighbors. | 1 |
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| 1850 |
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| Naum Vegilharxhi formed the Albanian Cultural Association while attempting to establish a national culture by publishing in Albanian. | 2 |
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| 1864 |
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| Demetrio Camarda published an essay on the Albanian language, tracing it back to ancient history. | 3 |
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| 1871 |
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| Zef Jubani attempted to preserve Albanian folk culture in his Collection of Popular Songs and Albanian Rhapsodies. Thimi Mitko did much the same in his The Albanian Bee, published in 1878. | 4 |
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| 1878 |
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| The League of Prizren was formed to promote Albanian nationalism to the European great powers at the Conference of Berlin. The league also established organizations in other sections of the country in an effort to create a de facto government. Their main goal became the prevention of implementation of treaties they felt were harmful to Albania. | 5 |
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| April |
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| The failure of the European great powers to recognize Albanian concerns by granting Albanian-inhabited territory to Serbia, Montenegro, and Bulgaria through the Treaty of San Stefano spurred on the political movement. An assembly led by Abdul Frashëri convened to petition the Porte for Albanian autonomy. It met with no response. | 6 |
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