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| 1875–85 |
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| ALFONSO XII. Continuation of the Carlist War until Don Carlos fled (Feb. 1876). The pope, who had recognized Carlos as king of Spain, supported Alfonso as a result of a governmental increase of the ecclesiastical budget, closing of Protestant schools and churches, and the abolition of civil marriages. | 1 |
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| 1876, June 30 |
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| A new constitution provided a bicameral legislature, a responsible ministry, but limited suffrage. The Cortes was obedient to the ministry, and the ministry was selected by the king. Constitutional forms were observed, and the ministerial power alternated between the Conservatives (led by Canovas del Castillo) and the Liberals (under Práxedes Sagasta). The king's foreign policy followed that of the major powers. Spain associated with Britain, Italy, and Austria in the Mediterranean Agreements (1887–95) (See 1887, Feb. 12). | 2 |
| Labor organizations developed in the latter quarter of the century. The Union General de Trabajadores (1882) was founded as a branch of the Socialist Party (founded, 1879) but soon was rivaled by the anarchist-syndicalist Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (1911) and the creation of a National Federation of Catholic Workers' Syndicates between 1912 and 1919. | 3 |
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| 1881 |
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| V. Almirall established the Catalonian national movement aimed at the creation of a separate Catalonian state. He organized Catalan congresses and, in 1882, a political party, the Catalan Center, separated from all parties based in Madrid. The Catalonian movement resulted in a memorial to the king (1885). | 4 |
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| 1883 |
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| Moret established a commission that would become the basis of the Institute of Social Reform. The institute advised the government on labor issues and comprised 12 elected members, including 6 workers. | 5 |
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| 1890, April 30 |
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| Universal male suffrage was introduced. | 6 |
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| 1892 |
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| Liberated Women, an anarchist women's organization, was founded. It was followed by the Feminine Society of Cádiz (1902). | 7 |
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| 1898 |
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| THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR discredited Spain and resulted in further disintegration of the parliamentary regime. Parties now included the Conservatives, Liberal Conservatives, Liberals, Carlists, Republicans, Socialists, and the United Catalans. Naval disasters also resulted in the loss of most remaining Spanish colonies. | 8 |
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| 1900 |
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| Workers' Compensation Act. | 9 |
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| 1902–31 |
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| ALFONSO XIII. He married Princess Eugenia of Battenberg (May 31, 1906). | 10 |
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| 1908 |
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| A law established the basis for arbitration and allowed the Institute of Social Reform to begin to mediate some strikes. | 11 |
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| 1909 |
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| Troops embarked for Morocco, causing protest against inequalities of military service. A general strike was proclaimed at Barcelona and other Catalonian cities under direction of the revolutionary committee. | 12 |
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| 1910, Dec. 23 |
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| The Padlock Law was passed by Liberal premier José Canalejas (assassinated, Nov. 12, 1912). It forbade the establishment of more religious houses without the consent of the government. The industrial enterprises of the religious orders were taxed, and public worship of non-Catholic bodies was expressly permitted. | 13 |
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