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| 1920–50 |
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| Growth of the educational system. The number of students alone rose from some 400,000 to 1.8 million by the end of this period. Yet, overall, these gains represented small strides. The general literacy rate hovered around 35 percent as late as 1950 (though it had improved from 11 percent in 1927). | 1 |
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| 1921, Jan. 20 |
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| Passage of the Fundamental Law by the National Assembly in Ankara. Among its guarantees were an elected parliament equipped with a responsible ministry and a presidency invested with broad powers. | 2 |
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| March 16 |
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| Conclusion of a treaty with the Soviet Union by the Kemalist government. The pact acknowledged the Kemalist regime as the official government of Turkey and settled the international borders between the two countries. The Soviets also began to provide material aid to the Kemalist resistance. | 3 |
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| Oct. 20 |
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| The Ankara Agreement between Turkey and France. The French permanently withdrew their forces from Anatolia and renounced all their territorial claims north of Syria. | 4 |
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