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| 1930–31 |
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| A revolt led by Mario Menocal was suppressed and various restrictive measures were introduced, but unrest and disorders continued (1931–33). During this time student groups, labor unions, and Communist organizations grew more popular as bases of opposition to Machado. The U.S. had, at the outset, declared its intention not to intervene except in case of extreme anarchy, but it did attempt to mediate. | 1 |
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| 1933, Aug 12 |
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| After a bus drivers' strike in Havana expanded into a general strike that led to numerous major demonstrations and police massacres, an army revolt forced Machado out of office. Carlos Manuel de Céspedes became president, but disorder continued and the U.S. sent warships to Cuba. | 2 |
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| Sept. 5 |
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| Céspedes was driven from office by another army coup, known as the “sergeants' revolt,” led by FULGENCIO BATISTA (1901–73), a sergeant himself, who became virtual dictator, though he eschewed political office. | 3 |
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| Sept. 10 |
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| Ramón Grau San Martín (1887–1969) became president and established a reformist government, which was not recognized by the U.S. since he was regarded as too nationalist. Grau San Martín had only a tenuous hold on power, however, and quickly faced the ire of leftist groups, which were unhappy with the pace of his reforms, as well as right-wing groups, which opposed all reform. | 4 |
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