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| g. Madagascar |
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(See 1778–1800)| |
| 1800–10 |
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| Andrianampoinimerina (Nampoina), having come to power in 1783, conquered neighboring kingdoms and reunified Imerina through strength of imported arms by 1806. Nampoina consolidated power and the authority of the king as owner of land. He inaugurated a system of corvée labor for public works. Wars generated slaves for export and internal use. | 1 |
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| 1803 |
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| A French force established itself at Tamatave. | 2 |
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| 1810–28 |
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| Rule of Radama I, son of Nampoina, in Imerina. | 3 |
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| 1811 |
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| The British occupied Seychelles, Madagascar, and Île de France. | 4 |
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| 1817 |
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| Radama I began campaigns of conquest and reforms to modernize the army with European advisers. The army reached a strength of 15,000 with modern arms, enabling the conquest of much of Madagascar. This conquest ended the country's isolation, leading to importation of more European goods and ideologies. Under British pressure, Radama agreed to a treaty to prohibit the slave trade. | 5 |
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| 1820 |
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| The London Missionary Society (LMS) established a mission station at Tamatave. | 6 |
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| 1822, Feb. 22 |
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| Radama I declared sovereignty over all Madagascar. | 7 |
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| 1826 |
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| LMS opened 30 schools throughout Madagascar. | 8 |
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| 1827 |
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| Having adopted phonetic Roman orthography for Malagasy, there was a rapid spread of literacy. Radama I also encouraged the spread of European building and crafts in the capital. | 9 |
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| 1828, July 27 |
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| Radama I died, succeeded by his wife, Ranavalona, with support of a consortium of chiefs and the Europeanized ruling class. Britain terminated the treaty of protection. Unsuccessful uprising of Sakalava against Merina. | 10 |
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| 1830–40 |
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| Reaction against Western involvement in Madagascar led to persecution of Christians in Imerina. | 11 |
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