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| 2. South of the Limpopo |
| c. 1795 |
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| Slaves outnumbered Europeans at the Cape. | 1 |
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| 1799 |
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| London Missionary Society began work along the Zak River. | 2 |
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| 1800–67 |
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| This period was characterized by CONCOMITANT AND CONTRADICTORY STATE FORMATION ENTERPRISES of the Nguni Bantu of the southeastern coast, the expansion of British colonial hegemony, and the creation of Boer Republics. | 3 |
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| 1800 |
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| The ivory trade at Delagoa Bay, from the late 18th century, contributed to political centralization in southeastern South Africa. By this time there were several large federations of chiefdoms under paramount chiefs in Phogola-Thukela region—Zwide's Ndwandwe, Sobhuza's Ngwane (later the Swazi), and Dingiswayo's Mthwethwa. These chiefdoms, in an atmosphere of competition for the ivory trade and grazing, converted male initiation schools into military and state-labor age regiments that formed standing armies under royal princes at various capitals. | 4 |
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| 1803–6 |
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| The British left the Cape in the hands of the Dutch Batavian Republic by the Treaty of Amiens. Batavians continued the British policy on the frontier. | 5 |
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| 1806 |
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| Roman Catholic priests were expelled from the Cape. | 6 |
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| Oct. 10 |
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| British returned to the Cape with the capitulation of Papendorp. | 7 |
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