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| 1899, Nov. 24 |
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| Khalifa died at the Battle of Umm Diwaykrat, and the Mahdist state collapsed. The British completed their victory in the Sudan, marking the beginning of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. | 1 |
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| 1900, Sept. 5 |
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| France claimed Chad as a military protectorate. | 2 |
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| 1904–5 |
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| Smallpox epidemic hit the Somali coast and spread to the White Nile. This and succeeding epidemics in humans and animals resulted in period of declining population in the region. | 3 |
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| 1906 |
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| Cholera epidemic in Horn. | 4 |
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| 1900–14 |
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| Despite suffering defeat at the hands of the British, Mahdism persisted, and a number of revolts occurred in the Sudan. (See Northeast Africa (Horn)) | 5 |
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