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| 2. Sudan Region |
| 1821 |
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| An Egyptian governor-general (See 1820–22) was installed at newly founded Khartum to oversee tax collection and slave raiding by the Egyptian army in Sudan, marking the beginning of Turco-Egyptian domination there. | 1 |
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| 1840–54 |
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| European, Egyptian, and Sudanese ivory traders on the upper White Nile established zaribas (fortified trading posts). | 2 |
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| 1854 |
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| Private armies were established at the zaribas. Wars among them led to the capture of slaves and cattle and to a sizable slave trade. A ban on slave trading in the Turkish Sudan led to a slave boom in Karka and Shillukland. | 3 |
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| 1881–85 |
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| Mahdist revolution against Turco-Egyptian domination. The revolution was led by the Mahdi (meaning “restorer of justice sent by Allah”), Muhammad Ahmad ibn Abdallah, in the form of a jihad against the colonial oppressors and “impure” Muslims. The revolt was sparked by a variety of grievances, including the appointment of non-Muslim Europeans to administrative posts, among them Englishman Charles Gordon as governor-general; the welcoming of Christian missionaries; the conquest of Darfur in 1874 and the imposition of tax collection there; and the attempt to suppress the slave trade in the south. | 4 |
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| 1883, Nov |
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| The turning point of the Mahdist revolution against Turco-Egyptian rule of the Sudan was marked by the defeat of the Egyptian force under British officer William Hicks at Shaykan. | 5 |
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| 1885, June |
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| The Mahdi died. Soon thereafter the Mahdists consolidated their control of the Sudan as the British-Egyptian forces withdrew. Khalifa Abdallahi, successor to the Mahdi, created a centralized bureaucracy and ended the revolutionary period. | 6 |
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| 1885–1910 |
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| A series of EPIDEMICS affecting cattle and people plagued the region, beginning with rinderpest, which killed up to 90 percent of the cattle and spread to the Cape of Good Hope by 1897 and west to the Atlantic by 1892. | 7 |
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| 1896, March |
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| An Anglo-Egyptian force under Gen. Kitchener invaded the Mahdist state. The army had another objective: to keep the Sudan from falling into France's hands. | 8 |
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| June |
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| The Marchand expedition left France with instructions to advance to Fashoda and claim the territory for France. | 9 |
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