| |
| 1887–89 |
| |
| The Ethiopian venture. Crispi attempted to expand Italian influence on the Red Sea and thus engaged in a war with Ethiopia (See 1889, March 10). The Italians, despite a setback at Dogali (Jan. 25, 1887) backed Menelik, king of Shoa, against the Ethiopian king of kings, Johannes. In the Italian version of the Treaty of Uccialli (May 2, 1889), Menelik accepted an Italian protectorate over Ethiopia. | 1 |
| |
| 1891–92 |
| |
| Ministry of Marquis Antonio di Rudini, after fall of Crispi (Jan. 31, 1891). Rudini reduced expenditures for the army and the navy in an attempt to balance the budget. | 2 |
| |
| 1891 |
| |
| The labor movement celebrated May Day for the first time, and the Marxist Critica Sociale was established with Filippo Turati as editor (1891). | 3 |
| |
| May 15 |
| |
| The papal encyclical on the labor question, Rerum novarum, though opposed to socialism, applied Christian principles to labor and capital and established that employers had important moral duties to fulfill and that one of the first duties of society was to improve the condition of the workers. | 4 |
| |
| |
