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| 1869, Dec. 8–1870, Oct. 20 |
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| THE VATICAN COUNCIL proclaimed the doctrine of papal infallibility. The doctrine marked the final triumph of the papacy over the episcopal and counciliar tendencies of the church and attempted to exalt the papacy above all secular states. | 1 |
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| 1870 |
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| The Jews were emancipated and the Jewish ghetto in Rome abolished. | 2 |
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| Aug. 8 |
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| Final withdrawal of French troops from Rome. | 3 |
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| Sept. 20 |
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| Italians entered Rome after a short bombardment. | 4 |
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| Oct. 2 |
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| After a plebiscite, Rome was annexed to Italy and became the capital. | 5 |
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