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| 1812 |
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| Finnish capital moved from Turku to Helsinki and thus closer to the Russian capital of St. Petersburg. A German architect, C. L. Engel, designed the main buildings. | 1 |
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| 1819 |
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| The Bank of Finland moved from Turku to Helsinki. | 2 |
| Finnish nationalism centered on the Finnish language, but many of its earliest proponents wrote in Swedish, including J. L. Runeberg, who wrote the Finnish national anthem (“Värtland”) in Swedish. | 3 |
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| 1831 |
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| A group of intellectuals, including Elias Lönnrot, founded the Finnish Literature Society. Lönnrot published their most influential collection of folk tales, Kalevala, in 1835. He was able to collect the material for his collection supported by funds collected by the society. | 4 |
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| 1842 |
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| J. V. Snellman returned to Finland after being removed from the Finnish university because of his nationalist and liberal leanings. He founded two newspapers, one in Finnish (The Farmer's Friend) and one in Swedish (Saima). The latter was closed by government censors in 1846, but Snellman continued to be involved in nationalist issues and, because of the changing climate within the government, was reinstated as a professor in 1852. (See Finland) | 5 |
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