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| 1823–29 |
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| POPE LEO XII (Annibale della Genga) continued the policy of Pius VII. He persecuted the Jews, harshly monitored morals, and condemned Protestant Bible societies and all dissenters (1824, 1826). He also extended papal recognition, in return for state protection of the church, by continuing the policy of establishing concordats with various governments. | 1 |
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| 1829 |
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| Smallpox epidemics spread through the cities of Piedmont and Liguria despite the widespread use of vaccinations introduced by the French under Napoleon. | 2 |
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| 1829–30 |
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| POPE PIUS VIII (Francesco Castiglione) continued the reactionary nature of the papacy but managed to influence the British government, which granted the Catholic Emancipation Act. | 3 |
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| 1831–46 |
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| POPE GREGORY XVI was greeted by revolts, which he promptly suppressed. | 4 |
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| 1831, Feb |
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| Risings in Modena and Parma were inspired by the July Revolution in Paris and connected with a general movement aiming to free all of northern Italy. The risings were weakened by the split between young students and older bourgeois, who accepted defeat. The risings were put down with the help of the Austrians in March. | 5 |
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| March |
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| Young Italy was created under the direction of Giuseppe Mazzini. The society sought to provide Italy with a republican constitution as a prelude to a free confederation of all Europe, dominated by a spirit of Christian brotherhood. Mazzini launched his campaign while in exile in Marseilles. The Young Italians planned a rising for 1832, but Piedmontese authorities discovered the plans (March 1832) and arrested those involved. The rising collapsed. | 6 |
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| May 21 |
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| The ambassadors of the powers demanded certain reforms in the Papal States, but the pope contented himself with an amnesty and a few concessions in the administration and the judiciary. Fresh revolts broke out at the end of 1831, but order was restored by Austria. These revolts led to the occupation of Ancona by the French (March 1832), and foreign troops remained until 1838. | 7 |
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