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| 1821, March 10 |
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| Piedmontese Revolution. Spurred on by nationalism but with a sharp division between the moderates and the democrats, the Carbonari engineered a military uprising, hoping that Charles Albert, prince of Carignan, would place himself at the head of a constitutional government. Victor Emmanuel I abdicated in favor of his brother, Charles Felix, with Charles Albert as regent. Charles Albert granted a constitution modeled after the Spanish one, but Charles Felix arrived and ordered Charles Albert to flee. The constitutionalists were then defeated near Novara by a combined force of royalists and Austrians. | 1 |
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| Sept. 13 |
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| The rising in Naples led to prosecution of the Carbonari in the Papal States, and the pope condemned their principles. Consalvi negotiated a series of concordats. | 2 |
| Repression. Governments followed policies designed to eliminate the threat posed by revolutionary forces. In Lombardy, Carbonari were tried in four mass trials. In Naples, the government purged the army, administration, judiciary, and intellectuals. These purges were accompanied by the concentration of powers in the hands of the princes. This repression led to massive emigration of individuals who might be implicated in the revolutions. | 3 |
| Tariff legislation. Although tariffs had existed before the revolutions, the governments pursued a policy of protective tariffs for agriculture and industry in the 1820s. This policy proved ineffective. | 4 |
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