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| 1834, Feb |
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| Another Mazzinian attack on Savoy failed, and Mazzini now extended the scope of his activity by organizing the Young Europe movement, directed from London. It helped stir national sentiments throughout Europe, although they were not always as radical as those in Italy. | 1 |
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| 1835–37 |
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| Cholera epidemics spread through Italian urban centers. Local administrations took action to ensure better drainage and uncontaminated supplies of water, but the conditions in hospitals remained poor. | 2 |
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| 1843 |
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| Publication of Vincenzo Gioberti's On the Moral and Civil Primacy of the Italians and of Count Cesare Balbo's The Hopes of Italy, both of which expressed the Italian liberal nationalist position. They called for the unification of the peninsula and constitutional reform, but they distrusted universal male suffrage as presented by Mazzini. | 3 |
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| 1846, June 16 |
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| ELECTION OF POPE PIUS IX (Cardinal Mastai-Ferretti). Pius was liberal in attitude, proclaimed amnesty for political prisoners and refugees, relaxed censorship, and organized an advisory council of laymen. Although he was opposed by reactionaries, the pope's popularity grew throughout Italy. | 4 |
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| 1846–47 |
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| Famine struck Europe again and aggravated the rise of liberalism and radicalism, which would result in revolution. (See Italy) | 5 |
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