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| 1827, April 29 |
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| The National Guard, a preserve of the middle class, was dissolved. | 1 |
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| 1829–30 |
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| Bidding for popularity through foreign policy, the government launched an invasion of Algeria, conquering Algiers (See 1830, July 5). | 2 |
| Liberalism. The physiocrats, who had proclaimed the doctrine of laissez faire, influenced Jean-Baptiste Say (1767–1832), who emphasized the role of the entrepreneur and freedom of production and exchange in his Traité d'économie politique (1803) and in his courses at the École des Arts et Métiers. Benjamin Constant (1767–1830) argued for political liberalism in his many articles and books. | 3 |
| Socialism emerged in early-19th-century France. Comte Henri de Saint-Simon (1760–1825) argued that, since the market now incorporated all of Europe, the government should also be Europe-wide. European society was divided into two classes: those who did worthwhile labor (industrialists) and those who did not. Saint-Simon argued that the latter governed but, in order to avoid revolution, which Saint-Simon saw as a destructive force, the governments must be turned over to industrialists. Charles Fourier (1772–1837), a utopian socialist, envisioned a horticultural society based on harmony—the phalanstery—in which men and women would be completely free to pursue their passions. Every day at noon, Fourier waited at his lodgings for a capitalist to arrive to fund this dream. | 4 |
| Romanticism. French romantics had built their love of nature and portrayal of passion on the classics, but, in 1824, The Globe newspaper began to detach the romantics from the government and the classics. Madame de Staël argued that literature should express society and was shaped by history. These ideas led to a rejection of classicism and a willingness to adopt liberal ideals. | 5 |
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| 1830 |
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| REVOLUTION OF 1830. Causes: (1) The king violated the generally accepted principle of ministerial responsibility by appointing the prince of Polignac as his first minister (Aug. 8, 1829). Polignac did not have the confidence of the assembly. (2) A period of relative prosperity during the 1820s ended with a slump between 1827 and 1832, which radicalized demands from the working classes. (3) Secret societies and the growth of both socialism and liberalism developed into a strong opposition to the government. Measures such as the Sacrilege Law and attacks on liberal university professors enhanced the tension. | 6 |
| Course of the revolution. Charles X adjourned the chamber (March 19) and then dissolved it (May 16). New elections returned a majority unfavorable to the king. The king responded by utilizing his constitutional powers to enact laws to pass the July Ordinances. | 7 |
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| July 26 |
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| JULY ORDINANCES, which censored the press, dissolved the newly elected chamber, called new elections for Sept., and altered the electoral laws so that more weight was given to rural landowners. These ordinances were followed by popular violence in Paris. The working-class insurrection, encouraged by the liberals within the chamber and Adolphe Thiers, a journalist, took the Hôtel de Ville despite heavy fighting on the part of the military. Charles fled to England. | 8 |
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| July 31 |
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| In order to stem the radical republican edge of the revolution, the liberal deputies declared Louis-Philippe king of France, under a new constitution, which limited the king's power, specifically eliminating his right to issue ordinances in protection of the state. | 9 |
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