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| 1667 |
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| New commercial code established. | 1 |
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| 1670–71 |
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| A great peasant revolt in the southeast, led by the Don Cossacks, under Stephen Razin. Razin advanced up the Volga, declaring freedom from landlords and officials and gaining strength. He was finally defeated at Simbirsk by the tsar's troops. | 2 |
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| 1672–91 |
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| The Old Believers saw Nikon as the Antichrist and church reform as the end of the world. More than 20,000 burned themselves in huge fires. The Old Believers would continue to be a force in Russian religious history throughout the 18th century. | 3 |
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| 1681 |
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| The Treaty of Radzin, following the first Russian war with the Ottoman Empire (See 1677–81), gave Russia a large portion of the Ottoman Ukraine. | 4 |
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| 1681–82 |
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| Gathering (or gatherings), considered by some historians to be an important zemskii sobor (Assembly of the Land), comprising representative boyars, clergy, merchants, and others. They addressed the issue of succession and abolished the Mestnichestvo, a system of assigning government appointments according to the appointee's standing in his family and that family's position in Russian society. | 5 |
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| 1682 |
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| Problems of succession among Alexis's three sons led to conflict and an army rebellion. Alexis's daughter Sophia held power as regent. | 6 |
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| 1686 |
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| Treaty between Russia and Poland established “eternal peace” between the two countries and recognized Russian control over Kiev. | 7 |
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| 1687 |
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| A Muscovite army led by Prince Basil Golitsyn, Sophia's favorite, defeated by the Ottomans after advancing toward them on the steppes. When Golitsyn was defeated again in 1689, Sophia fell from power. | 8 |
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| 1689–1725 |
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| PETER I (THE GREAT) became effectively the sole ruler, though Alexis's son Ivan V lived until 1696. Peter's mother ruled until her death (1694). Peter sought to Westernize Russia, introducing Western dress and manners, requiring state officials to shave their beards, encouraging education for officials, organizing navy and promoting metallurgical industry and armaments. Russia was at war every year but one during Peter's reign, and the constant demands of warfare reduced the time and money available for domestic changes. | 9 |
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| 1689 |
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| Conflict with China, resulting from the penetration of Russian pioneers into the Amur region. By the Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) (See 1689)—the first Russian treaty with China—the Russians were obliged to withdraw from the occupied territory. | 10 |
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| 1690 |
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| Peter's son, Alexis, born. | 11 |
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| 1695–96 |
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| Peter's expeditions against Azov (See 1696), the fortress commanding the Sea of Azov and the entrance to the Black Sea. The first expedition, by land, was unsuccessful, but the second, supported by a naval force, resulted in the capture of the stronghold (July 28, 1696). | 12 |
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