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| 1652 |
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| War with the Dutch, primarily naval, resulted from Navigation Act. The English won off the Downs (May). War declared. English defeated Tromp off Portland, Feb. 18, 1653, and off North Foreland (June 2–3), and Texel (July 31). | 1 |
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| 1653, April 20 |
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| Cromwell expelled the Rump Parliament and called a nominated parliament of 140 members, the Barebones' Parliament (July 4). The Cromwellians in Parliament resigned their powers to Cromwell (Dec. 12). | 2 |
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| 1653, Dec. 16–1658, Sept. 3 |
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| CROMWELL LORD PROTECTOR of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland. The Instrument of Government, a written constitution. The executive (lord protector) had a cooperative council of 21; a standing army of 30,000; triennial parliaments of 460 members; once summoned, parliament could not be dissolved within five months. The protector and council could issue ordinances between sessions, but parliament alone could grant supplies and levy taxes. | 3 |
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| 1654, Sept. 3 |
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| The new Parliament quarreled with Cromwell. Cromwell ordered an exclusion of members (Sept. 12). Parliament made the office of protector elective and was dissolved (Jan. 22, 1655). | 4 |
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| 1655, March–May |
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| The rising of Penruddock at Salisbury suppressed and Penruddock executed. England divided into 12 military districts; each district's force supported by 10 percent tax on royalist estates. Press censored. Anglican clergy forbidden to teach or preach. Catholic priests ordered out of the kingdom. | 5 |
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| Oct |
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| Pacification of Pinerolo, with France: the duke of Savoy stopped the persecution of Vaudois and Charles II was to be expelled from France. | 6 |
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