IV. The Early Modern Period, 1500–1800 > B. Early Modern Europe, 1479–1815 > 4. European Diplomacy and Wars, 1648–1795 > 1676
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  The Encyclopedia of World History.  2001.
 
 
1676
 
French naval successes in the Mediterranean against the Dutch and Spanish.  1
 
1678
 
Surprise and capture of Ghent and Ypres by the French. Negotiations with each combatant had been in progress for some time.  2
 
1678–79
 
Negotiations resulted in the Treaties of Nimwegen (Nijmwegen, Nimeguen). Holland and France (Aug. 10, 1678); Spain and France (Sept. 17, 1678); the emperor, with France and Sweden (Feb. 6, 1679); Holland with Sweden (Oct. 12, 1679). At Fontainebleau, France and Denmark (Sept. 2, 1679). At Lund, Denmark and Sweden (Sept. 26, 1679).  3
(1) Holland received its whole territory back provided it remained neutral. (2) France received from Spain Franche-Comté, Valenciennes, Cambray, the Cambrésis, Aire, Poperingen, St. Omer, Ypres, Condé, Bouchain, Maubeuge, and so on; Spain received from France Charleroi, Binche, Oudenarde, Ath, Courtray, Limburg, Ghent, and Waes, among others; and in Catalonia, Puycerda. (3) The emperor ceded to France Freiburg in the Breisgau; France gave up the right of garrison in Phillippsburg; the Duke of Lorraine was to be restored to his duchy but refused to accept the conditions pertaining to that restoration.  4
 
1679, June 29
 
Peace of St. Germain-en-Laye forced on the elector of Prussia by France. The elector surrendered most of his conquests in Pomerania to Sweden in exchange for the reversion of East Friesland, which became Prussian in 1744, and a small indemnification.  5
 
1683
 
Invasions of the Spanish Netherlands by France, occupation of Luxemburg, and seizure of Trier (1684). Lorraine permanently occupied by France.  6
 
1684
 
A temporary truce concluded at Regensburg (Ratisbon) between Louis, the emperor, and the empire.  7
 
1686, July 9
 
Formation of the League of Augsburg under the direction of William of Orange and signed by the emperor, Sweden, Spain, Bavaria, Saxony, and the Palatinate. The English Revolution of 1688 added England to France's foes.  8
 
1688–97
 
WAR OF THE LEAGUE OF AUGSBURG. Causes: The elector of the Palatinate, Charles, died in 1685, leaving no male heirs to his throne. Louis XIV claimed a portion of the Palatinate because his sister-in-law (wife of the duke of Orléans) was Charles's sister. Louis XIV also advanced Von Fürstenberg, bishop of Strasbourg, for election of the archbishopric of Cologne rather than Prince of Clement of Bavaria (1688).  9
 
1689, May 12
 
The Grand Alliance, including the powers of the League of Augsburg, England, and Holland (Savoy had joined the league in 1687). The principal scene of war was the Netherlands.  10
 
1690, June 30
 
French victorious at the Battle of Fleurus, followed by French successes in Piedmont, Savoy, and at Staffarda.  11
 
1692, May 19
 
French fleet under Tourville defeated at La Hogue by Dutch and English ships.  12
 
Aug. 3
 
Battle of Steinkirk (Steenkerken). Victory of General Luxembourg over William III of England.  13
 
 
 
The Encyclopedia of World History, Sixth edition. Peter N. Stearns, general editor. Copyright © 2001 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Maps by Mary Reilly, copyright © 2001 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

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