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| The Encyclopedia of World History. 2001. |
| 9. The Campaigns in the Middle East and Africa, 1939–1943 | |
| 1939, Sept. 3 | |
| Egypt severed diplomatic relations with Germany, but remained neutral. | 1 |
| Oct. 19 | |
| Turkey signed a treaty of alliance with Britain and France. The Turkish government promised to enter the war when Italy did, but remained neutral even after the Italian declaration of war. Turkish diplomats spent much of the war struggling to keep Turkey out of the fighting. | 2 |
| The Encyclopedia of World History, Sixth edition. Peter N. Stearns, general editor. Copyright © 2001 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Maps by Mary Reilly, copyright © 2001 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. | |
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