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| 1913–14 |
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| Outraged by the murder of Madero and regarding Huerta's regime as a restoration of the old order, revolutionary forces led by Villa, Carranza, Obregón, and Zapata rose in revolt against Huerta. | 1 |
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| 1914, April 9 |
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| A group of U.S. Marines was arrested by Huerta's forces at Tampico. The U.S. demanded satisfaction (especially a salute). On the refusal of Huerta to meet American demands, U.S. troops occupied Veracruz (April 21). Huerta broke off relations with the U.S. South American states attempted to mediate, and on Nov. 23 U.S. forces evacuated Veracruz. | 2 |
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| July 5 |
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| Victoriano Huerta was elected president. He resigned almost at once (July 15), largely because of the refusal of the U.S. government to recognize him, which made his position untenable. | 3 |
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| Aug. 15 |
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| Alvaro Obregón and a Constitutionalist army took Mexico City, and Venustiano Carranza became president. The Constitutionalists, at this point, held only part of the country. In the north Pancho Villa was virtual dictator. He at once declared war on the Carranza regime, installing Eulalio Gutiérrez as president (deposed Jan. 17, 1915). | 4 |
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| Dec |
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| After Carranza failed to resign by a Nov. 10 deadline, the armies of Villa and Zapata fell on Mexico City, occupying it. | 5 |
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| Dec. 4 |
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| Villa and Zapata held their first meeting in Mexico City, agreeing on a radical course for the future revolution under the provisional leadership of Gutiérrez. Villa and Zapata, however, proved unskilled at politics and foreign relations, and these weaknesses soon proved their downfall. At the same time that they were occupying the capital, Carranza was planning his comeback, reformulating the Constitutionalist movement in order to broaden its appeal to workers and peasants. | 6 |
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