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| b. The Netherlands |
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(See 1913, Aug. 25)| Monarchs: Wilhelmina (1890–1948). | 1 |
| Though the Netherlands took no part in the First World War, the nation suffered considerably through interference with trade. Toward the end of the war the government was obliged to submit to stringent regulations by the Allies and to permit the requisitioning of Dutch shipping. The Dutch merchant fleet was seized by the Allies on March 20, 1918. | 2 |
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| 1917, Dec |
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| The revised constitution granting universal manhood suffrage and proportional representation was promulgated. Financial equality between state and private schools was also established. | 3 |
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| 1918, Sept |
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| The Ministry of Labor was created. | 4 |
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| Oct.–Nov |
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| A wave of strikes led many to fear a social revolution, a fear the Socialists fostered. This generated massive support for the monarchy and the government, and a great loss in prestige for the Social Democratic Workers' Party (SDAP). | 5 |
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