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| 1820 |
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| The Spanish liberal revolution caused Ferdinand VII to adopt a more conciliatory policy. A truce ended the war to the death, but the war resumed, since the Crown refused to recognize the independence of Colombia. | 1 |
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| 1821 |
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| Bolívar sent his lieutenant, Antonio José de Sucre, to liberate Quito. In Venezuela, Bolívar allied with Páez to defeat the royalist army at Carabobo (June 24). This victory assured Venezuelan independence. A proindependence movement in Panama Province promoted union with Gran Colombia. | 2 |
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| Aug. 30 |
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| A congress at Cucutá produced a republican constitution and named Bolívar president. He placed Páez in command of the army in Venezuela. Santander was made vice president. | 3 |
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